Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 110; no. 13; pp. 4956 - 4961
• Main Authors: Nolte, Christoph, Agrawal, Arun, Silvius, Kirsten M., Soares-Filho, Britaldo S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC National Academy of Sciences 26.03.2013; National Acad Sciences
• Subjects: Amazonia; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Applied ecology; Biodiversity conservation; Biological and medical sciences; Brazil; conservation areas; Conservation of Natural Resources - economics; Conservation of Natural Resources - legislation & jurisprudence; Conservation of Natural Resources - methods; Conservation policy; Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife; Deforestation; Ecosystem; Enforcement; Environmental protection; Environmental regulations; Forest conservation; Forest cover; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Governance; Land use; Law enforcement; Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking; Protected areas; Social Sciences; Sustainability; Sustainable development; Sustainable use; Trees; Tropical forests; Tropical rain forests; Amazonia; South America; Brazil; Amazon Basin; America; Deforestation; Tropical zone; Achievement; Protected area; Governance; Climatic zone; Environmental protection
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214786110

Protected areas in tropical countries are managed under different governance regimes, the relative effectiveness of which in avoiding deforestation has been the subject of recent debates. Participants in these debates answer appeals for more strict protection with the argument that sustainable use areas and indigenous lands can balance deforestation pressures by leveraging local support to create and enforce protective regulations. Which protection strategy is more effective can also depend on (i) the level of deforestation pressures to which an area is exposed and (ii) the intensity of government enforcement. We examine this relationship empirically, using data from 292 protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. We show that, for any given level of deforestation pressure, strictly protected areas consistently avoided more deforestation than sustainable use areas. Indigenous lands were particularly effective at avoiding deforestation in locations with high deforestation pressure. Findings were stable across two time periods featuring major shifts in the intensity of government enforcement. We also observed shifting trends in the location of protected areas, documenting that between 2000 and 2005 strictly protected areas were more likely to be established in high-pressure locations than in sustainable use areas and indigenous lands. Our findings confirm that all protection regimes helped reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.