Sublethal toxicities of 2,4-dinitrophenol as inferred from online self-reports

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 18; no. 9; p. e0290630
• Main Authors: Abdelati, Ali, Burns, Michele M, Chary, Michael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: San Francisco Public Library of Science 13.09.2023; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: 2,4-Dinitrophenol; Anabolic steroids; Analysis; Biology and Life Sciences; Body fat; Body temperature; Chi-square test; Clenbuterol; Computational linguistics; Computer and Information Sciences; Data collection; Expected values; Fatigue; FDA approval; Health aspects; Hyperthermia; Language processing; Liraglutide; Lorcaserin; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mitochondria; Natural language interfaces; Natural language processing; Physical Sciences; Protons; Secondary analysis; Side effects; Social networks; Social Sciences; Statistical significance; Steroid hormones; Steroids; Sweating; Testosterone; Thyroid hormones; Toxicity; Toxicology; Toxins; Trenbolone; Triiodothyronine; Weight loss; United States; United States > US
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290630

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is a mitochondrial toxin sometimes used as a weight loss agent. Reports of fatalities from DNP have been increasing since 2000, suggesting an increase in use. Our understanding of DNP toxicity in humans comes from reports to Poison Control and postmortem analyses, sources that are biased to more extreme presentations. This leads to a gap in our knowledge about the adverse effects of DNP at nonlethal doses. Here we investigate the doses and effects of DNP as reported online. We analyzed publicly available Internet posts that we collected from 2017-2019. The posts came from anonymous users or users who voluntarily self-identified. We collected data from websites whose terms of use allow for the secondary analysis of data that their users agree to make public. We used natural language processing techniques that we had previously developed to extract doses, effects, and substances mentioned in each post. We collected 1,630 posts across 5 online forums and the Reddit forum r/DNP. The posts were from 1,234 unique usernames. The most commonly reported doses were between 150 to 300 mg each day followed by 300 to 450 mg each day. At those doses, the most reported adverse effects were profuse sweating and fatigue. Reports of thermoregulatory (sweating, feeling hot flashes or flushed), fatigue-related, and neurologically related symptoms were statistically significantly more frequent at reported daily doses greater than 150 mg than doses below 150 mg (post-hoc X.sup.2 -test with Bonferroni correction). The effects were judged as plausible by two board-certified medical toxicologists. Triiodothyronine, clenbuterol, testosterone, and trenbolone, an androgenic anabolic steroid were the most significantly co-mentioned substances. Fatigue, increased body temperature, and paresthesias from DNP are reported more frequently at doses greater than 150 mg each day than at doses less than 150 mg each day. Online discussions of DNP frequently mention androgenic anabolic steroids and other weight loss agents.