Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: From exposure to establishment in humans

• Published in: Vaccine Vol. 30; no. 30; pp. 4419 - 4434
• Main Authors: Reperant, Leslie A, Kuiken, Thijs, Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Ltd 22.06.2012; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Adaptation; Adaptation, Biological - genetics; Adaptations; Adaptive changes; Allergy and Immunology; Animals; Avian; Avian flu; Bird migration; Birds; Cross-species transmission; Disease transmission; Host Specificity; Human; human influenza; human population; Humans; Infections; Influenza; Influenza in Birds - transmission; Influenza in Birds - virology; Influenza virus; Influenza, Human - transmission; Influenza, Human - virology; interdisciplinary research; Mammals; monitoring; Mortality; Mutation; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae - genetics; Orthomyxoviridae - physiology; pandemic; Pandemics; Proteins; Respiratory diseases; Swine; vaccines; vertebrate viruses; Viruses; Zoonoses; Zoonoses - transmission; Zoonoses - virology; Zoonosis; Human; Swine; Influenza; Avian; Zoonosis; Adaptive changes; Cross-species transmission; Adaptation
• ISSN: 0264-410X; 1873-2518
• DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.049

Highlights ► Pandemic influenza viruses all have their origins in animal reservoirs. ► Adaptive changes characterize animal influenza viruses crossing species barriers. ► These changes have been mapped to genetic mutations and specific adaptive pathways. ► These mutations and adaptive pathways are the subject of this review.