Effects of mild cold shock (25°C) followed by warming up at 37°C on the cellular stress response

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 8; no. 7; p. e69687
• Main Authors: Neutelings, Thibaut, Lambert, Charles A, Nusgens, Betty V, Colige, Alain C
• Format: Journal Article Web Resource
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 23.07.2013; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Acetylcysteine; AKT protein; Analysis; Apoptosis; Apoptosis - genetics; Autophagy; Autophagy - genetics; BAX protein; Biochemistry, biophysics & molecular biology; Biochimie, biophysique & biologie moléculaire; Biology; Cell culture; Cell cycle; Cell death; Cell growth; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cell Shape - genetics; Cell survival; Cell Survival - genetics; Cells (Biology); Cellular stress response; Cold; Cold shock; Cold Temperature; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; DNA Damage; Experiments; Fibroblasts; Flow cytometry; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Heat; Heat shock proteins; Heat-Shock Response - genetics; Histones - metabolism; Hot Temperature; Hsp70 protein; Humans; Hyperthermia; Hypothermia; Hypothermia, Induced; Interdisciplinary aspects; Kinases; Laboratories; Life sciences; Organs; Oxygen; p53 Protein; Phagocytosis; Phase transitions; Phosphorylation; Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Rewarming; Rodents; Sciences du vivant; Stress response; Studies; Temperature; Temperature variations; Tissues; Tumor proteins; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 - metabolism; Belgium
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069687

Temperature variations in cells, tissues and organs may occur in a number of circumstances. We report here that reducing temperature of cells in culture to 25°C for 5 days followed by a rewarming to 37°C affects cell biology and induces a cellular stress response. Cell proliferation was almost arrested during mild hypothermia and not restored upon returning to 37°C. The expression of cold shock genes, CIRBP and RBM3, was increased at 25°C and returned to basal level upon rewarming while that of heat shock protein HSP70 was inversely regulated. An activation of pro-apoptotic pathways was evidenced by FACS analysis and increased Bax/Bcl2 and BclX(S/L) ratios. Concomitant increased expression of the autophagosome-associated protein LC3II and AKT phosphorylation suggested a simultaneous activation of autophagy and pro-survival pathways. However, a large proportion of cells were dying 24 hours after rewarming. The occurrence of DNA damage was evidenced by the increased phosphorylation of p53 and H2AX, a hallmark of DNA breaks. The latter process, as well as apoptosis, was strongly reduced by the radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, indicating a causal relationship between ROS, DNA damage and cell death during mild cold shock and rewarming. These data bring new insights into the potential deleterious effects of mild hypothermia and rewarming used in various research and therapeutical fields.