Illegal Child Labor in the United States: Prevalence and Characteristics

• Published in: Industrial & labor relations review Vol. 54; no. 1; pp. 17 - 40
• Main Authors: Kruse, Douglas L., Mahony, Douglas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University 01.10.2000; SAGE Publications; ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School; Sage Publications, Inc; Cornell University, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations; SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
• Series: Industrial and Labor Relations Review
• Subjects: Adolescents; Child Development; Child Health; Child Labor; Child labor practices; Child labour; Children; Children & youth; Demographics; Educational Attainment; Employers; Employment; Employment statistics; Estimates; Fair Labor Standards Act 1938-US; Families & family life; Family owned businesses; Illegal employment; Income distribution; Income Inequality; Labor law; Labor Legislation; Labor management relations; Labor market; Labor Policy; Labor standards; Labour costs; Labour economics; Laws, regulations and rules; Longitudinal studies; Minors; Occupations; Poverty; Skill Development; Statistical analysis; Students; Studies; Sweatshops; Trends; U.S.A; United States of America; Violations; Wages; Working Hours; Youth employment; United States; United States > US
• ISSN: 0019-7939; 2162-271X
• DOI: 10.1177/001979390005400102

Using the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey, and other sources, the authors provide the first comprehensive estimates of the number of minors working in violation of federal and state child labor laws (working excessive hours or in hazardous occupations), their characteristics, their wages, and trends in illegal child labor. Although illegal employment of 15-17-year-olds has declined since the 1970s, some 154,000 minors are employed illegally in an average week, and 301,000 in a year. Illegal work hours total about 110 million per year. Whites, males, and 15-year-olds are the most likely to be working in violation of child labor laws. Youths working illegally in hazardous jobs earn, on average, $1.38 per hour less than legal young adults in the same occupations, which, combined with savings from employing youths for excessive hours, adds up to employer cost savings of roughly $136 million per year.