Uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness
Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an un...
Saved in:
| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 113; no. 31; pp. 8658 - 8663 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
National Academy of Sciences
02.08.2016
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject’s choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject's choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love. Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject's choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love.Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject's choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love. Human prosociality presents an evolutionary puzzle, and reciprocity has emerged as a dominant explanation: cooperating today can bring benefits tomorrow. Reciprocity theories clearly predict that people should only cooperate when the benefits outweigh the costs, and thus that the decision to cooperate should always depend on a cost–benefit analysis. Yet human cooperation can be very uncalculating: good friends grant favors without asking questions, romantic love “blinds” us to the costs of devotion, and ethical principles make universal moral prescriptions. Here, we provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that reputation effects drive uncalculating cooperation. We demonstrate, using economic game experiments, that people engage in uncalculating cooperation to signal that they can be relied upon to cooperate in the future. Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so. Why risk making costly mistakes? Here, we present experimental evidence that reputation concerns provide an answer: people cooperate in an uncalculating way to signal their trustworthiness to observers. We present two economic game experiments in which uncalculating versus calculating decision-making is operationalized by either a subject’s choice of whether to reveal the precise costs of cooperating (Exp. 1) or the time a subject spends considering these costs (Exp. 2). In both experiments, we find that participants are more likely to engage in uncalculating cooperation when their decision-making process is observable to others. Furthermore, we confirm that people who engage in uncalculating cooperation are perceived as, and actually are, more trustworthy than people who cooperate in a calculating way. Taken together, these data provide the first empirical evidence, to our knowledge, that uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness, and is not merely an efficient decision-making strategy that reduces cognitive costs. Our results thus help to explain a range of puzzling behaviors, such as extreme altruism, the use of ethical principles, and romantic love. |
| Author | Jordan, Jillian J. Rand, David G. Hoffman, Moshe Nowak, Martin A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jillian J. surname: Jordan fullname: Jordan, Jillian J. organization: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 – sequence: 2 givenname: Moshe surname: Hoffman fullname: Hoffman, Moshe organization: Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 – sequence: 3 givenname: Martin A. surname: Nowak fullname: Nowak, Martin A. organization: Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 – sequence: 4 givenname: David G. surname: Rand fullname: Rand, David G. organization: Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27439873$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNkU1rVDEUhoNU7LS6dqVccOPmtufk4yZBEKTUDyi4seuQyeROM9xJxiRX8d837dRWuxBXCeR5X07Oc0QOYoqekJcIJwiSne6iLSc4AFIFiOwJWSBo7Aeu4YAsAKjsFaf8kByVsgEALRQ8I4dUcqaVZAvy7jI6O7l5sjXEdedS2vnc7il2oXRz8auupq6EdbRTV_Nc6s-U61WIvpTn5Olop-Jf3J3H5PLj-bezz_3F109fzj5c9G5AWnvpNUc6aKWkHEd0S6sFBUHdwJZC-UGMTku1WjpwlHt06DhfiVH4wXrBmWXH5P2-dzcvt37lfKzZTmaXw9bmXybZYP5-ieHKrNMPw1svFboVvL0ryOn77Es121CcnyYbfZqLQYVCtmVx-R8oaOCKIWvom0foJs257em2sBnRWg-Nev3n8PdT_1bQgNM94HIqJfvxHkEwN5LNjWTzILklxKOEC_XWWft9mP6Re7XPbUpN-WGSgUsECuwaTkW1MA |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1086_694822 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_2969063 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2023_105632 crossref_primary_10_1093_scan_nsac037 crossref_primary_10_1017_ehs_2021_35 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjop_12608 crossref_primary_10_1209_0295_5075_131_30003 crossref_primary_10_1111_tops_12342 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_2796270 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2022_104313 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_econlet_2017_06_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_evolhumbehav_2024_04_010 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1011862 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_evolhumbehav_2018_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_evolhumbehav_2020_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtbi_2018_04_024 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tics_2020_06_008 crossref_primary_10_1109_TEVC_2017_2769081 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_obhdp_2021_104110 crossref_primary_10_4992_jjpsy_88_16347 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtbi_2016_12_027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tics_2019_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2021_06_020 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjop_12713 crossref_primary_10_1108_JKM_09_2023_0856 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44271_024_00068_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_newideapsych_2021_100912 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCSS_2022_3167266 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_leaqua_2020_101442 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_190991 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2021_104885 crossref_primary_10_1177_02654075211045051 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40806_016_0080_6 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0265052518000134 crossref_primary_10_1177_19485506221132377 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_69766_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2020_116996 crossref_primary_10_1177_1948550617720275 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_017_0152 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_psych_021323_040420 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976231223410 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2018_00932 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tics_2023_06_005 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_psych_020821_110044 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2019_104144 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2020_565953 crossref_primary_10_1002_chem_202403861 crossref_primary_10_1177_0265407517749331 crossref_primary_10_2308_AJPT_2020_111 crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672211002773 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2118548119 crossref_primary_10_1080_00438243_2018_1433060 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_2799850 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2021_10_007 crossref_primary_10_1177_08944393211034163 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_quascirev_2018_08_011 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40889_023_00166_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2021_104103 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cnsns_2019_104870 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0284500 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_obhdp_2021_04_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_obhdp_2025_104402 crossref_primary_10_1080_00224499_2018_1523999 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2016_2326 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2021_104770 crossref_primary_10_18502_kss_v9i7_15530 crossref_primary_10_1177_19485506231167231 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2019_00271 crossref_primary_10_1111_zygo_12324 crossref_primary_10_1111_tops_12424 crossref_primary_10_1080_00346764_2021_1914342 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_200685 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jebo_2021_08_010 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevE_94_042311 crossref_primary_10_1360_TB_2022_0699 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44271_024_00092_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_spc3_12756 crossref_primary_10_1177_00332941231179891 crossref_primary_10_1521_soco_2019_37_3_266 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2302475120 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_023_37283_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2023_105566 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_15420_2 crossref_primary_10_1126_sciadv_abj5851 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2018_06_005 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3953333 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_018_0298_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2022_105021 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_160605 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_019_41773_2 crossref_primary_10_1098_rsos_230558 crossref_primary_10_2478_ijcm_2023_0012 crossref_primary_10_1002_ejsp_3106 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2022_105215 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2021_2266 crossref_primary_10_1177_1948550617714585 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_024_02062_9 crossref_primary_10_1039_D3CC03137C crossref_primary_10_1177_01461672241301116 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3175207 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pbio_3002686 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2018_05_007 crossref_primary_10_1080_09515089_2022_2042230 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0140525X22001054 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44159_022_00071_x crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3094305 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chb_2021_107017 crossref_primary_10_1002_bdm_2033 crossref_primary_10_3390_math11122709 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3237621 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_2922765 crossref_primary_10_1080_10463283_2024_2383085 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44204_024_00169_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_bjso_12589 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_copsyc_2022_101404 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jarmac_2016_06_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2022_104441 crossref_primary_10_1017_ehs_2024_16 crossref_primary_10_1558_jsrnc_38786 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jesp_2019_103916 crossref_primary_10_1177_0146167217742886 crossref_primary_10_1111_puar_13190 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ecocom_2018_08_009 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11109_023_09874_x |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.003 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x 10.1038/nature16981 10.1126/science.7466396 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.10.003 10.1017/S0140525X11002202 10.1086/406755 10.1073/pnas.1417904112 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00157-5 10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0005 10.1038/nature11467 10.1038/ncomms4677 10.1037/xge0000107 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.04.004 10.1038/415424a 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.006 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.003 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2406 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 10.1177/1948550612457688 10.3390/g6040458 10.1348/000712608X379061 10.1126/science.1133755 10.2139/ssrn.2679326 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.006 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00055-6 10.1037/xge0000165 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008 10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.733 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.002 10.1371/journal.pone.0109687 10.1037/a0037207 10.2307/3677205 10.1017/CBO9780511807763 10.1038/nature02978 10.1038/nature04131 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3 10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12 10.1111/mila.12000 10.1111/1467-9280.03433 10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.07.001 10.1073/pnas.1517780113 10.1038/ncomms8455 10.1073/pnas.1408988111 10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y 10.2307/1911307 10.1177/0956797616654455 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Volumes 1–89 and 106–113, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles Copyright National Academy of Sciences Aug 2, 2016 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Volumes 1–89 and 106–113, copyright as a collective work only; author(s) retains copyright to individual articles – notice: Copyright National Academy of Sciences Aug 2, 2016 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7QG 7QL 7QP 7QR 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TK 7TM 7TO 7U9 8FD C1K FR3 H94 M7N P64 RC3 7X8 7QO 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1601280113 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Animal Behavior Abstracts Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Ecology Abstracts Entomology Abstracts (Full archive) Immunology Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Nucleic Acids Abstracts Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts Virology and AIDS Abstracts Technology Research Database Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Engineering Research Database AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Genetics Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic Biotechnology Research Abstracts PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Virology and AIDS Abstracts Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts Technology Research Database Nucleic Acids Abstracts Ecology Abstracts Neurosciences Abstracts Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Entomology Abstracts Genetics Abstracts Animal Behavior Abstracts Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B) Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C) AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Immunology Abstracts Engineering Research Database Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts MEDLINE - Academic Biotechnology Research Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic Virology and AIDS Abstracts Engineering Research Database CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sciences (General) |
| DocumentTitleAlternate | Uncalculating cooperation signals trustworthiness |
| EISSN | 1091-6490 |
| EndPage | 8663 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC4978259 4147142001 27439873 10_1073_pnas_1601280113 26471020 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Feature |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: NIA NIH HHS grantid: P30 AG034420 – fundername: John Templeton Foundation grantid: N/A |
| GroupedDBID | --- -DZ -~X .55 0R~ 123 29P 2AX 2FS 2WC 4.4 53G 5RE 5VS 85S AACGO AAFWJ AANCE ABBHK ABOCM ABPLY ABPPZ ABTLG ABXSQ ABZEH ACGOD ACHIC ACIWK ACNCT ACPRK ADQXQ ADULT AENEX AEUPB AEXZC AFFNX AFRAH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AQVQM BKOMP CS3 D0L DCCCD DIK DU5 E3Z EBS EJD F5P FRP GX1 H13 HH5 HYE IPSME JAAYA JBMMH JENOY JHFFW JKQEH JLS JLXEF JPM JSG JST KQ8 L7B LU7 N9A N~3 O9- OK1 PNE PQQKQ R.V RHI RNA RNS RPM RXW SA0 SJN TAE TN5 UKR W8F WH7 WOQ WOW X7M XSW Y6R YBH YKV YSK ZCA ~02 ~KM AAYXX AFOSN CITATION CGR CUY CVF DOOOF ECM EIF JSODD NPM RHF VQA YIF YIN 7QG 7QL 7QP 7QR 7SN 7SS 7T5 7TK 7TM 7TO 7U9 8FD C1K FR3 H94 M7N P64 RC3 7X8 7QO 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c612t-7e9412698877ff1cba952052c63b58e65fc978dbc0c24e1c1c44d5f5e6ae543a3 |
| ISSN | 0027-8424 1091-6490 |
| IngestDate | Thu Aug 21 14:15:11 EDT 2025 Sun Aug 24 04:04:36 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 07:59:03 EDT 2025 Mon Jun 30 08:09:57 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:43:27 EST 2025 Tue Jul 01 03:19:18 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:54:29 EDT 2025 Sun Aug 24 12:10:35 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 31 |
| Keywords | reputation experimental economics moral psychology decision-making social evaluation |
| Language | English |
| License | Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c612t-7e9412698877ff1cba952052c63b58e65fc978dbc0c24e1c1c44d5f5e6ae543a3 |
| Notes | SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved June 14, 2016 (received for review January 23, 2016) Author contributions: J.J.J., M.H., M.A.N., and D.G.R. designed research; J.J.J. performed research; J.J.J. and D.G.R. analyzed data; and J.J.J., M.H., M.A.N., and D.G.R. wrote the paper. |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/31/8658.full.pdf |
| PMID | 27439873 |
| PQID | 1811289996 |
| PQPubID | 42026 |
| PageCount | 6 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4978259 proquest_miscellaneous_1815700247 proquest_miscellaneous_1809048313 proquest_journals_1811289996 pubmed_primary_27439873 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_1601280113 crossref_citationtrail_10_1073_pnas_1601280113 jstor_primary_26471020 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2016-08-02 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2016-08-02 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2016 text: 2016-08-02 day: 02 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | United States |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: United States – name: Washington |
| PublicationTitle | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
| PublicationYear | 2016 |
| Publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
| Publisher_xml | – name: National Academy of Sciences |
| References | e_1_3_3_50_2 e_1_3_3_16_2 e_1_3_3_18_2 e_1_3_3_39_2 e_1_3_3_12_2 e_1_3_3_37_2 e_1_3_3_14_2 e_1_3_3_35_2 Galinsky A (e_1_3_3_5_2) 2015 e_1_3_3_33_2 e_1_3_3_10_2 e_1_3_3_31_2 e_1_3_3_52_2 e_1_3_3_7_2 e_1_3_3_9_2 e_1_3_3_27_2 Evans AM (e_1_3_3_40_2) 2016 e_1_3_3_29_2 e_1_3_3_23_2 e_1_3_3_48_2 e_1_3_3_46_2 e_1_3_3_1_2 e_1_3_3_44_2 e_1_3_3_3_2 e_1_3_3_21_2 e_1_3_3_42_2 e_1_3_3_51_2 e_1_3_3_17_2 e_1_3_3_19_2 e_1_3_3_38_2 e_1_3_3_13_2 e_1_3_3_36_2 e_1_3_3_15_2 e_1_3_3_34_2 e_1_3_3_32_2 e_1_3_3_11_2 e_1_3_3_30_2 e_1_3_3_53_2 Frank RH (e_1_3_3_25_2) 1988 e_1_3_3_6_2 e_1_3_3_8_2 e_1_3_3_28_2 Silk JB (e_1_3_3_24_2) 2003 e_1_3_3_49_2 e_1_3_3_47_2 e_1_3_3_26_2 e_1_3_3_45_2 e_1_3_3_2_2 e_1_3_3_20_2 e_1_3_3_43_2 e_1_3_3_4_2 e_1_3_3_22_2 e_1_3_3_41_2 26135809 - Nat Commun. 2015 Jul 02;6:7455 26911783 - Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):473-6 16251955 - Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1291-8 23856025 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Aug;17(8):413-25 14584987 - Am Psychol. 2003 Sep;58(9):697-720 17760777 - Psychol Sci. 2007 Sep;18(9):803-9 19063815 - Br J Psychol. 2009 Aug;100(Pt 3):455-71 11807552 - Nature. 2002 Jan 24;415(6870):424-6 17158317 - Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1560-3 12741752 - Psychol Sci. 2003 May;14(3):267-72 11146306 - Evol Hum Behav. 2000 Nov;21(6):411-427 1195756 - J Theor Biol. 1975 Sep;53(1):205-14 24751464 - Nat Commun. 2014 Apr 22;5:3677 23445574 - Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Feb;36(1):59-78 25624473 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Feb 10;112(6):1727-32 26755603 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Jan 26;113(4):936-41 21482176 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 May;15(5):218-26 25404350 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 2;111(48):17320-5 22996558 - Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):427-30 15565153 - Nature. 2004 Nov 25;432(7016):499-502 19837129 - Biosystems. 2010 Feb;99(2):109-25 27054685 - J Exp Psychol Gen. 2016 Jun;145(6):772-87 7466396 - Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1390-6 25333876 - PLoS One. 2014 Oct 15;9(10):e109687 26413891 - J Exp Psychol Gen. 2015 Oct;144(5):951-66 25133723 - J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014 Sep;107(3):393-413 11708857 - J Theor Biol. 2001 Nov 7;213(1):103-19 9325591 - J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Oct;73(4):733-46 27422875 - Psychol Sci. 2016 Sep;27(9):1192-206 |
| References_xml | – ident: e_1_3_3_3_2 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.003 – ident: e_1_3_3_31_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01983.x – ident: e_1_3_3_52_2 doi: 10.1038/nature16981 – year: 2016 ident: e_1_3_3_40_2 article-title: The effects of observed decision time on expectations of extremity and cooperation publication-title: J Exp Soc Psychol – ident: e_1_3_3_1_2 doi: 10.1126/science.7466396 – volume-title: Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions year: 1988 ident: e_1_3_3_25_2 – ident: e_1_3_3_7_2 – ident: e_1_3_3_12_2 doi: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.10.003 – ident: e_1_3_3_19_2 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X11002202 – ident: e_1_3_3_17_2 doi: 10.1086/406755 – ident: e_1_3_3_42_2 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417904112 – ident: e_1_3_3_6_2 doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00157-5 – start-page: 37 volume-title: Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation year: 2003 ident: e_1_3_3_24_2 doi: 10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0005 – ident: e_1_3_3_44_2 doi: 10.1038/nature11467 – ident: e_1_3_3_33_2 doi: 10.1038/ncomms4677 – ident: e_1_3_3_46_2 doi: 10.1037/xge0000107 – ident: e_1_3_3_28_2 doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005 – ident: e_1_3_3_22_2 doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.04.004 – ident: e_1_3_3_9_2 doi: 10.1038/415424a – ident: e_1_3_3_8_2 doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.006 – ident: e_1_3_3_13_2 doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.003 – ident: e_1_3_3_51_2 doi: 10.1006/jtbi.2001.2406 – ident: e_1_3_3_48_2 doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 – ident: e_1_3_3_37_2 doi: 10.1177/1948550612457688 – ident: e_1_3_3_43_2 doi: 10.3390/g6040458 – ident: e_1_3_3_15_2 doi: 10.1348/000712608X379061 – ident: e_1_3_3_10_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1133755 – ident: e_1_3_3_36_2 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2679326 – ident: e_1_3_3_30_2 doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.09.006 – ident: e_1_3_3_34_2 doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00055-6 – ident: e_1_3_3_27_2 doi: 10.1037/xge0000165 – ident: e_1_3_3_29_2 doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.008 – ident: e_1_3_3_14_2 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.733 – ident: e_1_3_3_16_2 doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.002 – ident: e_1_3_3_26_2 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109687 – ident: e_1_3_3_38_2 doi: 10.1037/a0037207 – ident: e_1_3_3_50_2 doi: 10.2307/3677205 – ident: e_1_3_3_11_2 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511807763 – ident: e_1_3_3_18_2 doi: 10.1038/nature02978 – ident: e_1_3_3_20_2 doi: 10.1038/nature04131 – ident: e_1_3_3_49_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(75)90111-3 – ident: e_1_3_3_23_2 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12 – ident: e_1_3_3_53_2 doi: 10.1111/mila.12000 – ident: e_1_3_3_41_2 doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.03433 – ident: e_1_3_3_45_2 doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697 – ident: e_1_3_3_39_2 doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.07.001 – ident: e_1_3_3_32_2 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1517780113 – ident: e_1_3_3_47_2 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8455 – ident: e_1_3_3_4_2 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1408988111 – ident: e_1_3_3_2_2 doi: 10.1016/0162-3095(92)90032-Y – ident: e_1_3_3_21_2 doi: 10.2307/1911307 – volume-title: Friend & Foe: When to Cooperate, When to Compete, and How to Succeed at Both year: 2015 ident: e_1_3_3_5_2 – ident: e_1_3_3_35_2 doi: 10.1177/0956797616654455 – reference: 25624473 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Feb 10;112(6):1727-32 – reference: 14584987 - Am Psychol. 2003 Sep;58(9):697-720 – reference: 19063815 - Br J Psychol. 2009 Aug;100(Pt 3):455-71 – reference: 11146306 - Evol Hum Behav. 2000 Nov;21(6):411-427 – reference: 25133723 - J Pers Soc Psychol. 2014 Sep;107(3):393-413 – reference: 17158317 - Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1560-3 – reference: 25404350 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 2;111(48):17320-5 – reference: 26755603 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Jan 26;113(4):936-41 – reference: 11807552 - Nature. 2002 Jan 24;415(6870):424-6 – reference: 24751464 - Nat Commun. 2014 Apr 22;5:3677 – reference: 27054685 - J Exp Psychol Gen. 2016 Jun;145(6):772-87 – reference: 16251955 - Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1291-8 – reference: 15565153 - Nature. 2004 Nov 25;432(7016):499-502 – reference: 23445574 - Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Feb;36(1):59-78 – reference: 21482176 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2011 May;15(5):218-26 – reference: 22996558 - Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):427-30 – reference: 26911783 - Nature. 2016 Feb 25;530(7591):473-6 – reference: 17760777 - Psychol Sci. 2007 Sep;18(9):803-9 – reference: 26413891 - J Exp Psychol Gen. 2015 Oct;144(5):951-66 – reference: 11708857 - J Theor Biol. 2001 Nov 7;213(1):103-19 – reference: 23856025 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2013 Aug;17(8):413-25 – reference: 1195756 - J Theor Biol. 1975 Sep;53(1):205-14 – reference: 7466396 - Science. 1981 Mar 27;211(4489):1390-6 – reference: 27422875 - Psychol Sci. 2016 Sep;27(9):1192-206 – reference: 12741752 - Psychol Sci. 2003 May;14(3):267-72 – reference: 26135809 - Nat Commun. 2015 Jul 02;6:7455 – reference: 25333876 - PLoS One. 2014 Oct 15;9(10):e109687 – reference: 9325591 - J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Oct;73(4):733-46 – reference: 19837129 - Biosystems. 2010 Feb;99(2):109-25 |
| SSID | ssj0009580 |
| Score | 2.5636218 |
| Snippet | Humans frequently cooperate without carefully weighing the costs and benefits. As a result, people may wind up cooperating when it is not worthwhile to do so.... Human prosociality presents an evolutionary puzzle, and reciprocity has emerged as a dominant explanation: cooperating today can bring benefits tomorrow.... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref jstor |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 8658 |
| SubjectTerms | Biological Sciences Choice Behavior - physiology Cooperation Cooperative Behavior Decision Making Ethics Game Theory Games, Experimental Humans Interpersonal Relations Models, Psychological Reputations Risk assessment Social Sciences Trust - psychology |
| Title | Uncalculating cooperation is used to signal trustworthiness |
| URI | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26471020 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27439873 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1811289996 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1809048313 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1815700247 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4978259 |
| Volume | 113 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1ba9RAFB7W-uKLWLUarRLBh0pIzEwuk-BTKWpZ2GWRLvQtJNMJXdRkIVkE_5X_0HNmJre1Fe1Ldklmcpnz5dxyLoS8FUUJRgZlLuWBdMMyLdy8yKnLaQo_IHFD5cxZLOPzdTi_jC5ns1-jqKVdW3ji5415JXehKuwDumKW7H9Qtj8p7ID_QF_YAoVh-080XlewwkI14FKps_VWGoJuGmfXgC4JmiVGaKiI8l3TqoBAFeg-VkpXvRBrupCBZecjPB0yTgwbaBzXWS2H_sVzMF-1F3WufDeVM_d6sNRlaVysi7q57kG0rH_kX02qUIsel37GFxNoqWLtnc_e2CtBYxUTN9iwf7vLMTtmICJDnUTtSc2BQYFxASH-hEXrfFWDRSM2NMdNYl36vZPeseaXf0gGYGXYzrjKG3SogVT2zUlHONl-V0BhaKQlusPKXjHu1eIMW_KBzXiP3GdgmTAlC8Z1nhOd9WSerKsmxYP3e9fGMtTmQhOdSIfF3mTw7MftjhShi0fkobFg7FMNx0Myk9Vjctgtu31iCpm_e0I-TPBpj_Bpbxob8Wm3ta3xae_h8ylZf_p4cXbummYdroBXvXW5TEPK4hSEFi9LKoo8jZgfMREHRZTIOCoFLNxVIXzBQkkFFWF4FZWRjHMZhUEeHJGDqq7kc2LnES9TLuOC8hzr2aUBqN1xwSUIZ6w_ZxGvW65MmEr22FDlW6YiKniQ4VJnw1Jb5KSfsNVFXG4feqTWvx8HBgMq4b5FjjuCZIYFwLwEzJUEfQYWedMfBgaNX93yStY7HOOn2LcBz337GIp9Jhg-2zNN4-EGDEgswifU7wdggfjpkWpzrQrFG6i-uPPMl-TB8HIfkwOAgnwFSnhbvFaw_w2erNvv |
| linkProvider | ABC ChemistRy |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uncalculating+cooperation+is+used+to+signal+trustworthiness&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+-+PNAS&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Jillian+J.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Moshe&rft.au=Nowak%2C+Martin+A.&rft.au=Rand%2C+David+G.&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.eissn=1091-6490&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=31&rft.spage=8658&rft.epage=8663&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1601280113&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27439873&rft.externalDocID=PMC4978259 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0027-8424&client=summon |