Limits on gas impermeability of graphene
Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids 1 – 10 . This conclusion is based on theory 3 – 8 and supported by experiments 1 , 9 , 10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detect...
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Published in | Nature (London) Vol. 579; no. 7798; pp. 229 - 232 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.03.2020
Nature Publishing Group |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids
1
–
10
. This conclusion is based on theory
3
–
8
and supported by experiments
1
,
9
,
10
that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10
5
to 10
6
atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport
11
,
12
. Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications.
Graphene is shown to be impermeable to helium and several other gases, except for hydrogen, which is attributed to the strong catalytic activity of ripples in the graphene sheet. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids.sup.1-10. This conclusion is based on theory.sup.3-8 and supported by experiments.sup.1,9,10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.6 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport.sup.11,12. Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids.sup.1-10. This conclusion is based on theory.sup.3-8 and supported by experiments.sup.1,9,10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.6 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport.sup.11,12. Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Graphene is shown to be impermeable to helium and several other gases, except for hydrogen, which is attributed to the strong catalytic activity of ripples in the graphene sheet. Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids1-10. This conclusion is based on theory3-8 and supported by experiments1'9,10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 105 to 106 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation ofjust a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport11,12. Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids . This conclusion is based on theory and supported by experiments that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10 to 10 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport . Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids 1 – 10 . This conclusion is based on theory 3 – 8 and supported by experiments 1 , 9 , 10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10 5 to 10 6 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport 11 , 12 . Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Graphene is shown to be impermeable to helium and several other gases, except for hydrogen, which is attributed to the strong catalytic activity of ripples in the graphene sheet. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Wang, F. C. Yang, Q. Grigorieva, I. V. Geim, A. K. Yu, J. Nair, R. R. Lozada-Hidalgo, M. Sun, P. Z. Stebunov, Y. V. Xiong, W. Q. Yuan, S. J. Kuang, W. J. Katsnelson, M. I. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: P. Z. surname: Sun fullname: Sun, P. Z. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester – sequence: 2 givenname: Q. surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Q. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester – sequence: 3 givenname: W. J. surname: Kuang fullname: Kuang, W. J. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester – sequence: 4 givenname: Y. V. surname: Stebunov fullname: Stebunov, Y. V. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester – sequence: 5 givenname: W. Q. surname: Xiong fullname: Xiong, W. Q. organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University – sequence: 6 givenname: J. surname: Yu fullname: Yu, J. organization: Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University – sequence: 7 givenname: R. R. surname: Nair fullname: Nair, R. R. organization: National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester – sequence: 8 givenname: M. I. surname: Katsnelson fullname: Katsnelson, M. I. organization: Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University – sequence: 9 givenname: S. J. surname: Yuan fullname: Yuan, S. J. email: s.yuan@whu.edu.cn organization: Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University – sequence: 10 givenname: I. V. surname: Grigorieva fullname: Grigorieva, I. V. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester – sequence: 11 givenname: M. surname: Lozada-Hidalgo fullname: Lozada-Hidalgo, M. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester – sequence: 12 givenname: F. C. surname: Wang fullname: Wang, F. C. organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China – sequence: 13 givenname: A. K. surname: Geim fullname: Geim, A. K. email: geim@manchester.ac.uk organization: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32161387$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Snippet | Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids
1
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. This conclusion is based... Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids . This conclusion is based on... Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids.sup.1-10. This conclusion is based... Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids1-10. This conclusion is based on... |
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Title | Limits on gas impermeability of graphene |
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