Limits on gas impermeability of graphene

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 579; no. 7798; pp. 229 - 232
• Main Authors: Sun, P. Z., Yang, Q., Kuang, W. J., Stebunov, Y. V., Xiong, W. Q., Yu, J., Nair, R. R., Katsnelson, M. I., Yuan, S. J., Grigorieva, I. V., Lozada-Hidalgo, M., Wang, F. C., Geim, A. K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.03.2020; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 142/126; 639/925/357; 639/925/918; Accuracy; Adatoms; Analysis; Argon; Containers; Control; Defects; Deflation; Dissociation; Energy; Experiments; Gas flow; Gas permeation; Gases; Graphene; Helium; Helium atoms; Humanities and Social Sciences; Hydrogen; Hydrogen storage; Krypton; Membranes; multidisciplinary; Neon; Oxygen; Penetration; Permeability; Properties; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Silicon wafers; Testing; Thermal cycling; Two dimensional materials; Xenon; China
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2070-x

Despite being only one-atom thick, defect-free graphene is considered to be completely impermeable to all gases and liquids 1 – 10 . This conclusion is based on theory 3 – 8 and supported by experiments 1 , 9 , 10 that could not detect gas permeation through micrometre-size membranes within a detection limit of 10 5 to 10 6 atoms per second. Here, using small monocrystalline containers tightly sealed with graphene, we show that defect-free graphene is impermeable with an accuracy of eight to nine orders of magnitude higher than in the previous experiments. We are capable of discerning (but did not observe) permeation of just a few helium atoms per hour, and this detection limit is also valid for all other gases tested (neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, krypton and xenon), except for hydrogen. Hydrogen shows noticeable permeation, even though its molecule is larger than helium and should experience a higher energy barrier. This puzzling observation is attributed to a two-stage process that involves dissociation of molecular hydrogen at catalytically active graphene ripples, followed by adsorbed atoms flipping to the other side of the graphene sheet with a relatively low activation energy of about 1.0 electronvolt, a value close to that previously reported for proton transport 11 , 12 . Our work provides a key reference for the impermeability of two-dimensional materials and is important from a fundamental perspective and for their potential applications. Graphene is shown to be impermeable to helium and several other gases, except for hydrogen, which is attributed to the strong catalytic activity of ripples in the graphene sheet.