Fusion of optimized indicators from Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for driver drowsiness detection

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 14; no. 1; pp. 1106 - 1131
• Main Authors: Daza, Iván García, Bergasa, Luis Miguel, Bronte, Sebastián, Yebes, Jose Javier, Almazán, Javier, Arroyo, Roberto
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2014; Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
• Subjects: ADAS; Advanced driver assistance systems; Automobile Driving; Behavior - physiology; binary classification; Computer simulation; data fusion; driver drowsiness; Driver fatigue; driver physical measures; Driving conditions; driving performance measures; Electrocardiography; Fatigue; Humans; Indicators; Monitoring; Neural networks; PERCLOS; Respiration; Sensors; Simulators; Sleep - physiology; Sleep Stages - physiology; third generation simulator
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s140101106

This paper presents a non-intrusive approach for monitoring driver drowsiness using the fusion of several optimized indicators based on driver physical and driving performance measures, obtained from ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistant Systems) in simulated conditions. The paper is focused on real-time drowsiness detection technology rather than on long-term sleep/awake regulation prediction technology. We have developed our own vision system in order to obtain robust and optimized driver indicators able to be used in simulators and future real environments. These indicators are principally based on driver physical and driving performance skills. The fusion of several indicators, proposed in the literature, is evaluated using a neural network and a stochastic optimization method to obtain the best combination. We propose a new method for ground-truth generation based on a supervised Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). An extensive evaluation of indicators, derived from trials over a third generation simulator with several test subjects during different driving sessions, was performed. The main conclusions about the performance of single indicators and the best combinations of them are included, as well as the future works derived from this study.