HPA axis and aging in depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis

• Published in: Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol. 41; pp. 46 - 62
• Main Authors: Belvederi Murri, Martino, Pariante, Carmine, Mondelli, Valeria, Masotti, Mattia, Atti, Anna Rita, Mellacqua, Zefiro, Antonioli, Marco, Ghio, Lucio, Menchetti, Marco, Zanetidou, Stamatula, Innamorati, Marco, Amore, Mario
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2014; Elsevier
• Subjects: ACTH; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - metabolism; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Aging - physiology; Aging - psychology; Antidepressant; Behavioral psychophysiology; Biological and medical sciences; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - metabolism; Cortisol; CRH; Depression; Depression - metabolism; Depression - physiopathology; Depressive symptoms; Dexamethasone; Elderly; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hormones and behavior; HPA axis; Humans; Hydrocortisone - metabolism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System - physiopathology; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous; Mood disorders; Neuropharmacology; Older adults; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests; Pituitary-Adrenal System - physiopathology; Psychiatry; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease); Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Psychopharmacology; Antidepressant; Dexamethasone; ACTH; CRH; Depression; Depressive symptoms; Cortisol; HPA axis; Elderly; Older adults; Senescence; Hypothalamohypophysoadrenal axis; Psychotropic; Corticotropin releasing factor; Review; Hydrocortisone; Glucocorticoid; Metaanalysis; Antidepressant agent; Hormone releasing factor; Human; Mood disorder; Corticosteroid; Steroid hormone; Antiinflammatory agent; Hypothalamic hormone; Symptomatology; Adrenocorticotropic hormone; Adenohypophyseal hormone; Adrenal hormone
• ISSN: 0306-4530; 1873-3360; 1873-3360
• DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.004

One of the most consistent findings in the biology of depression is an altered activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. However, data concerning this issue have never been examined with a focus on the older population. Here we present a systematic review and meta-analysis, based on studies investigating levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in depressed participants older than 60 and compared with healthy controls. We found 20 studies, for a total of 43 comparisons on different indices of HPA axis functioning. Depression had a significant effect (Hedges’ g) on basal cortisol levels measured in the morning (0.89), afternoon (0.83) and night (1.39), but a smaller effect on cortisol measured continuously (0.51). The effect of depression was even higher on post-dexamethasone cortisol levels (3.22), whereas it was non-significant on morning ACTH and CRH levels. Subgroup analyses indicated that various methodological and clinical factors can influence the study results. Overall, older participants suffering from depression show a high degree of dysregulation of HPA axis activity, with differences compared with younger adults. This might depend on several mechanisms, including physical illnesses, alterations in the CNS and immune-endocrinological alterations. Further studies are needed to clarify the implications of altered HPA axis activity in older patients suffering from depression. Novel pharmacological approaches might be effective in targeting this pathophysiological feature, thus improving the clinical outcomes.