Paediatric tuberculosis – new advances to close persistent gaps

• Published in: International journal of infectious diseases Vol. 113; no. Suppl 1; pp. S63 - S67
• Main Authors: Marais, Ben J., Verkuijl, Sabine, Casenghi, Martina, Triasih, Rina, Hesseling, Anneke C., Mandalakas, Anna M., Marcy, Olivier, Seddon, James A., Graham, Stephen M., Amanullah, Farhana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada Elsevier Ltd 01.12.2021; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; case finding; Child; Child, Preschool; childhood; gap; HIV Seropositivity; Human health and pathology; Humans; Infectious diseases; Life Sciences; Overtreatment; Pediatrics; prevention; Santé publique et épidémiologie; tuberculosis; Tuberculosis - diagnosis; Tuberculosis - drug therapy; Tuberculosis - epidemiology; case finding; childhood; prevention; tuberculosis; gap; child; Prevention; Tuberculosis; Child; Childhood; Case finding; Gap
• ISSN: 1201-9712; 1878-3511; 1878-3511
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.003

•Children are over-represented among TB deaths; most dying without accessing TB care.•Major gaps persist in TB preventive treatment (TPT) provision and TB case detection.•Reducing the TPT gap requires major upscaling of household contact investigation.•Reducing the TB case detection gap requires acceptance of some over-treatment.•New approaches are required to improve the accuracy of diagnostic (rule-in and rule-out) tests. Young children are most vulnerable to develop severe forms of tuberculosis (TB) and are over-represented among TB deaths. Almost all children estimated to have died from TB were never diagnosed or offered TB treatment. Improved access to TB preventive treatment (TPT) requires major upscaling of household contact investigation with allocation of adequate resources. Symptom-based screening is often discouraged in adults for fear of generating drug resistance, if TB cases are missed. However, the situation in vulnerable young children is different, as they present minimal risk of drug resistance generation. Further, the perceived need for additional diagnostic evaluation presents a major barrier to TPT access and underlies general reluctance to consider pragmatic decentralised models of care. Widespread roll-out of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra® represents an opportunity for improved case detection in young children, but attaining full impact will require the use of non-sputum specimens. The new Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM® urine assay demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in HIV-positive and malnourished children, but further validation is required. Given the limited accuracy of all available tests and the excellent tolerance of TB drugs in children, the global community may have to accept some over-treatment if we want to close the persistent case detection gap in young children.