Unmasking Clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 10; no. 1; p. 1096
• Main Authors: Lapuschkin, Sebastian, Wäldchen, Stephan, Binder, Alexander, Montavon, Grégoire, Samek, Wojciech, Müller, Klaus-Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 11.03.2019; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/114/1305; 639/705/1041; 639/705/117; Behavior; Computer vision; Decision analysis; Humanities and Social Sciences; Intelligence; Machine learning; multidisciplinary; Performance evaluation; Problem solving; Science; Science (multidisciplinary)
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08987-4

Current learning machines have successfully solved hard application problems, reaching high accuracy and displaying seemingly intelligent behavior. Here we apply recent techniques for explaining decisions of state-of-the-art learning machines and analyze various tasks from computer vision and arcade games. This showcases a spectrum of problem-solving behaviors ranging from naive and short-sighted, to well-informed and strategic. We observe that standard performance evaluation metrics can be oblivious to distinguishing these diverse problem solving behaviors. Furthermore, we propose our semi-automated Spectral Relevance Analysis that provides a practically effective way of characterizing and validating the behavior of nonlinear learning machines. This helps to assess whether a learned model indeed delivers reliably for the problem that it was conceived for. Furthermore, our work intends to add a voice of caution to the ongoing excitement about machine intelligence and pledges to evaluate and judge some of these recent successes in a more nuanced manner. Nonlinear machine learning methods have good predictive ability but the lack of transparency of the algorithms can limit their use. Here the authors investigate how these methods approach learning in order to assess the dependability of their decision making.