Role of Bile Acids in Dysbiosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

• Published in: Mediators of inflammation Vol. 2019; no. 2019; pp. 1 - 13
• Main Authors: Shen, Yimin, Ye, Jun, Shao, Liming, Zhu, Chunpeng, Wang, Caihua, Ren, Yuezhong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01.01.2019; Hindawi; John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Hindawi Limited; Wiley
• Subjects: Acids; Agonists; Alcoholism; Amino acids; Animal models; Animals; Antibacterial activity; Bacteria; Bile; Bile acids; Bile Acids and Salts - metabolism; Cholesterol; Clinical trials; Clinical Trials as Topic; Deoxycholic acid; Diabetes; Dysbacteriosis; Dysbiosis - metabolism; Fatty liver; G proteins; Gallbladder; Gastroenterology; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene expression; Genomes; Glucose - metabolism; Health aspects; Hepatology; Homeostasis; Humans; Intestinal microflora; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Liver cancer; Liver diseases; Membrane proteins; Metabolism; Mice; Microbiota; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - metabolism; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - physiopathology; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - therapy; Pathogenesis; Physiological aspects; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism; Review; Risk Factors; RNA-Binding Proteins - metabolism; Signal Transduction; Type 2 diabetes; United States > US
• ISSN: 0962-9351; 1466-1861
• DOI: 10.1155/2019/7659509

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health threat around the world and is characterized by dysbiosis. Primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and converted into secondary bile acids by gut microbiota. Recent studies support the role of bile acids in modulating dysbiosis and NAFLD, while the mechanisms are not well elucidated. Dysbiosis may alter the size and the composition of the bile acid pool, resulting in reduced signaling of bile acid receptors such as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). These receptors are essential in lipid and glucose metabolism, and impaired bile acid signaling may cause NAFLD. Bile acids also reciprocally regulate the gut microbiota directly via antibacterial activity and indirectly via FXR. Therefore, bile acid signaling is closely linked to dysbiosis and NAFLD. During the past decade, stimulation of bile acid receptors with their agonists has been extensively explored for the treatment of NAFLD in both animal models and clinical trials. Early evidence has suggested the potential of bile acid receptor agonists in NAFLD management, but their long-term safety and effectiveness need further clarification.