Concurrent alteration in inflammatory biomarker gene expression and oxidative stress: how aerobic training and vitamin D improve T2DM

• Published in: BMC complementary and alternative medicine Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 165
• Main Authors: Hoseini, Rastegar, Rahim, Hiwa Ahmed, Ahmed, Jalal Khdhr
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 22.06.2022; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine; Aerobic training; Aerobics; Albumin; Albumins; Alfacalcidol; analysis of variance; antioxidant activity; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Blood; Blood glucose; blood serum; Blood sugar; Body composition; Body mass index; Body size; C-reactive protein; Calcifediol; Calciferol; Catalase; Clinical trials; complement; Cytokines; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Dietary supplements; Exercise; Fasting; Fitness training programs; Gene expression; Genes; Glucose; Glutathione; Glutathione peroxidase; Heart beat; Heart rate; Homeostasis; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Interleukin 1; Interleukin 4; interleukin-1beta; Interleukins; Kinases; Leukocytes (mononuclear); malondialdehyde; mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB protein; nitrites; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; Oxidative stress; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Peroxidase; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Pharmaceutical industry; Physical fitness; placebos; Polymerase chain reaction; Protein kinase; Protein kinases; Proteins; Signaling pathway; Superoxide; Superoxide dismutase; t-test; Thiols; Training; transcription factor NF-kappa B; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Type 2 diabetes; Variance analysis; Vitamin D; Vitamin D supplementation; Vitamin deficiency; Iran; Germany; United States > US
• ISSN: 2662-7671; 2662-7671; 1472-6882
• DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03645-7

Background Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation and Aerobic Training (AT) exert several beneficial effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The literature on the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on the oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is limited. The present study aimed to examine the effects of AT and Vit D supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress signaling pathways in T2DM patients. Materials and methods In this single-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 48 men with T2DM (aged 35-50 years with Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25-30 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into four groups: AT+Vit D (n = 10); AT + placebo (AT; n = 10); Vit D (n = 10), and Control + placebo (C; n = 10). The eight-week AT program was executed for 20-40 min/day, at 60-75% of heart rate maximum (HRmax), for 3 days/wks. The Vit D group received 50,000 IU of Vit D supplement capsules per week for 8 weeks. The serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were evaluated using the RT-PCR method. To analyze the data, paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of P < 0.05. Results The result shows that serum 25-OH-Vit D, total nitrite, Total Glutathione (GSH), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) increased; and insulin, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Malondialdehyde (MDA), glycated albumin, and Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanine (8-OHdG) decreased significantly in all groups after 8 weeks, except for C. In addition, results of RT-PCR showed that AT+Vit D, Vit D, and AT significantly downregulated the gene expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-[alpha]), Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1[beta]), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 1 (MAPK1), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) 1 (p50). It also upregulated Interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene expression, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR-[gamma]) in T2DM patients compared to the C. Conclusion Additionally, the AT+Vit D group showed significantly lower insulin, FBG, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, MDA, glycated albumin, urinary 8-OHdG, IL-1[beta], TNF-[alpha], MAPK1, and NF-κB1 (p50) levels and significantly higher serum 25-OH-Vit D, total nitrite, GSH, TAC, CAT, SOD, GPX, IL-4, and PPAR-[gamma] levels compared to the AT and Vit D groups. In T2DM patients, 8 weeks of AT+Vit D had a more significant impact on certain gene expressions related to inflammation and oxidative stress than Vit D or AT alone. Keywords: Aerobic training, Vitamin D supplementation, Signaling pathway, Inflammation, Oxidative stress