The effects of milk as a food matrix for polyphenols on the excretion profile of cocoa ( − )-epicatechin metabolites in healthy human subjects

• Published in: British journal of nutrition Vol. 100; no. 4; pp. 846 - 851
• Main Authors: Roura, Elena, Andrés-Lacueva, Cristina, Estruch, Ramon, Lourdes Mata Bilbao, M., Izquierdo-Pulido, Maria, Lamuela-Raventós, Rosa M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.10.2008
• Subjects: ( − )-Epicatechin metabolites; Adolescent; Adult; analogs & derivatives; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cacao; Catechin; Catechin - analogs & derivatives; Catechin - metabolism; Catechin - urine; Clinical trials; Cocoa; Cocoa powder; Cross-Over Studies; Diet; epicatechin; Excretion; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Flavonoids; Flavonoids - metabolism; Flavonoids - urine; Food; Food matrix; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Glucuronide; Glucuronides; Glucuronides - urine; health status; Humans; Ingestion; Linear Models; Liquid chromatography; Male; men; Metabolism; Metabolites; Middle Aged; Milk; Molecular weight; Nutrition; pharmacokinetics; Phenols; Phenols - metabolism; Phenols - urine; Polyphenols; Smoking; Sulfate excretion; Sulfates; Sulfuric Acid Esters; Sulfuric Acid Esters - urine; test meals; Urine; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Water purification; women; Young Adult; Urine; Sulfate excretion; Flavonoids; Cocoa powder; Glucuronide; ( − )-Epicatechin metabolites; Human; Excretion; Healthy subject; Metabolite; Sulfates; Cocoa; Flavonoid; Powder; Vertebrata; Polyphenol; Mammalia; (-)-Epicatechin metabolites: Cocoa powder: Flavonoids: Urine: Glucuronide: Sulfate excretion; Food; Milk
• ISSN: 0007-1145; 1475-2662; 1475-2662
• DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508922534

The effect of different food matrices on the metabolism and excretion of polyphenols is uncertain. The objective of the study was to evaluate the possible effect of milk on the excretion of ( − )-epicatechin metabolites from cocoa powder after its ingestion with and without milk. Twenty-one volunteers received the following three test meals each in a randomised cross–over design with a 1-week interval between meals: (1) 250 ml whole milk as a control; (2) 40 g cocoa powder dissolved in 250 ml whole milk (CC–M); (3) 40 g cocoa powder dissolved in 250 ml water (CC–W). Urine was collected before consumption and during the 0–6, 6–12 and 12–24 h periods after consumption. ( − )-Epicatechin metabolite excretion was measured using liquid chromatography–MS. One ( − )-epicatechin glucuronide and three ( − )-epicatechin sulfates were detected in urine excreted after the intake of the two cocoa beverages (CC–M and CC–W). The results show that milk does not significantly affect the total amount of metabolites excreted in urine. However, differences in metabolite excretion profiles were observed; there were changes in the glucuronide and sulfate excretion rates, and the sulfation position between the period of excretion and the matrix. The matrix in which polyphenols are consumed can affect their metabolism and excretion, and this may affect their biological activity. Thus, more studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these different metabolite profiles on the body.