Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle charging and vehicle-to-grid services at household level including battery degradation and price uncertainty

• Published in: IET generation, transmission & distribution Vol. 8; no. 6; pp. 1007 - 1016
• Main Author: Ortega-Vazquez, Miguel A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Stevenage The Institution of Engineering and Technology 01.06.2014; Institution of Engineering and Technology; The Institution of Engineering & Technology
• Subjects: Algorithms; Applied sciences; battery charging; battery powered vehicles; Charging; Degradation; demand side management; Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation; Electric batteries; electric vehicle charging; Electric vehicles; Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering; Electrical power engineering; electricity demand; electricity price; Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells; Exact sciences and technology; Ground, air and sea transportation, marine construction; household level; Operation. Load control. Reliability; optimal scheduling; Optimization; power grids; Power networks and lines; real time pricing scheme; Road transportation and traffic; Scheduling; scheduling algorithm; Uncertainty; V2G power injection; vehicle‐to‐grid services; optimal scheduling; battery charging; vehicle-to-grid services; battery powered vehicles; electricity price; household level; scheduling algorithm; V2G power injection; real time pricing scheme; EV; electric vehicle charging; electricity demand; demand side management; power grids; Costs; Power system economics; Secondary cell; Scheduling; Electric vehicle; Algorithm; Degradation; Pricing; Power markets; Economic aspect; Objective function; Optimal planning; Tariffication; State of charge; Service quality; Damaging
• ISSN: 1751-8687; 1751-8695
• DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0624

It is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will soon represent a large share of the demand for electricity. Several research works have extolled the advantages of these devices as flexible demands, not only to charge their batteries when it is cheaper to do so, but also to provide services in the form of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power injections to the system. These services, however, could reduce the useful life of the battery and thus introduce a cost that needs to be taken into account when scheduling the charging of these vehicles. This study presents a scheduling algorithm for EVs under a real time pricing scheme with uncertainty. The objective function explicitly takes into account the cost of battery degradation not only when used to provide services to the system but also in terms of the EV utilisation for motion. The results show that the scheduling of the V2G services is sensitive to the electricity prices uncertainty and to the degradation costs derived from the energy arbitrage. Also, the optimal energy state of charge of the batteries is highly dependent on whether the cost of battery degradation is taken into account or not.