Influenza antivirals and animal models

• Published in: FEBS open bio Vol. 12; no. 6; pp. 1142 - 1165
• Main Authors: Caceres, C. Joaquin, Seibert, Brittany, Cargnin Faccin, Flavio, Cardenas‐Garcia, Stivalis, Rajao, Daniela S., Perez, Daniel R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2022; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Amino acids; Animal models; Animals; Antiviral agents; Antiviral Agents - pharmacology; antivirals; antiviral‐host factors; Avian flu; Clinical trials; Drug development; Drug dosages; Endonuclease; Exo-a-sialidase; FDA approval; Glycerol; Human subjects; Humans; Immunization; Infections; influenza; Influenza A; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics; Influenza, Human - drug therapy; mice; Models, Animal; Morbidity; Mutation; neuraminidase inhibitors; Oseltamivir; Oseltamivir - pharmacology; Oseltamivir - therapeutic use; Pandemics; Proteins; Respiratory diseases; Review; Reviews; RNA polymerase; Seasons; Viruses; Zanamivir; United States > US; Italy; influenza; antivirals; animal models; neuraminidase inhibitors; antiviral-host factors; mice
• ISSN: 2211-5463; 2211-5463
• DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13416

Influenza A and B viruses are among the most prominent human respiratory pathogens. About 3–5 million severe cases of influenza are associated with 300 000–650 000 deaths per year globally. Antivirals effective at reducing morbidity and mortality are part of the first line of defense against influenza. FDA‐approved antiviral drugs currently include adamantanes (rimantadine and amantadine), neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI; peramivir, zanamivir, and oseltamivir), and the PA endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir). Mutations associated with antiviral resistance are common and highlight the need for further improvement and development of novel anti‐influenza drugs. A summary is provided for the current knowledge of the approved influenza antivirals and antivirals strategies under evaluation in clinical trials. Preclinical evaluations of novel compounds effective against influenza in different animal models are also discussed. Influenza A and B viruses are among the most prominent human respiratory pathogens, with 3–5 million severe cases annually. Antivirals are part of the first line of defense against influenza. This review summarizes the current understanding of antivirals that have been approved and those in clinical trials, and preclinical antivirals that are being studied in the context of different animal models.