SEA LIONS AND EQUIVALENCE: EXPANDING CLASSES BY EXCLUSION
Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus—stimulus relations without error. When subjects that are experienced with matching‐to‐sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most resp...
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| Published in | Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior Vol. 78; no. 3; pp. 449 - 465 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.11.2002
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-5002 1938-3711 |
| DOI | 10.1901/jeab.2002.78-449 |
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| Abstract | Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus—stimulus relations without error. When subjects that are experienced with matching‐to‐sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most respond by correctly selecting the novel comparison in the presence of the new sample. This exclusion paradigm was expanded with two California sea lions that had previously formed two 10‐member equivalence classes in a matching‐to‐sample procedure. Rather than being presented with a novel sample on a given trial, the sea lions were presented with a randomly selected familiar member of one class as the sample. One of the comparisons was a randomly selected familiar member of the alternative class, and the other was a novel stimulus. When required to choose which comparison matched the sample, the subjects reliably rejected the familiar comparison, and instead selected the unfamiliar one. Next, the sea lions were presented with transfer problems that could not be solved by exclusion; they immediately grouped the new stimuli into the appropriate classes. These findings show that exclusion procedures can rapidly generate new stimulus relations that can be used to expand stimulus classes. |
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| AbstractList | Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus-stimulus relations without error. When subjects that are experienced with matching-to-sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most respond by correctly selecting the novel comparison in the presence of the new sample. This exclusion paradigm was expanded with two California sea lions that had previously formed two 10-member equivalence classes in a matching-to-sample procedure. Rather than being presented with a novel sample on a given trial, the sea lions were presented with a randomly selected familiar member of one class as the sample. One of the comparisons was a randomly selected familiar member of the alternative class, and the other was a novel stimulus. When required to choose which comparison matched the sample, the subjects reliably rejected the familiar comparison, and instead selected the unfamiliar one. Next, the sea lions were presented with transfer problems that could not be solved by exclusion; they immediately grouped the new stimuli into the appropriate classes. These findings show that exclusion procedures can rapidly generate new stimulus relations that can be used to expand stimulus classes. Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus-stimulus relations without error. When subjects that are experienced with matching-to-sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most respond by correctly selecting the novel comparison in the presence of the new sample. This exclusion paradigm was expanded with two California sea lions that had previously formed two 10-member equivalence classes in a matching-to-sample procedure. Rather than being presented with a novel sample on a given trial, the sea lions were presented with a randomly selected familiar member of one class as the sample. One of the comparisons was a randomly selected familiar member of the alternative class, and the other was a novel stimulus. When required to choose which comparison matched the sample, the subjects reliably rejected the familiar comparison, and instead selected the unfamiliar one. Next, the sea lions were presented with transfer problems that could not be solved by exclusion; they immediately grouped the new stimuli into the appropriate classes. These findings show that exclusion procedures can rapidly generate new stimulus relations that can be used to expand stimulus classes.Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus-stimulus relations without error. When subjects that are experienced with matching-to-sample procedures are presented with a novel sample, a novel comparison, and a familiar comparison, most respond by correctly selecting the novel comparison in the presence of the new sample. This exclusion paradigm was expanded with two California sea lions that had previously formed two 10-member equivalence classes in a matching-to-sample procedure. Rather than being presented with a novel sample on a given trial, the sea lions were presented with a randomly selected familiar member of one class as the sample. One of the comparisons was a randomly selected familiar member of the alternative class, and the other was a novel stimulus. When required to choose which comparison matched the sample, the subjects reliably rejected the familiar comparison, and instead selected the unfamiliar one. Next, the sea lions were presented with transfer problems that could not be solved by exclusion; they immediately grouped the new stimuli into the appropriate classes. These findings show that exclusion procedures can rapidly generate new stimulus relations that can be used to expand stimulus classes. |
| Author | Kastak, Colleen Reichmuth Schusterman, Ronald J. |
| AuthorAffiliation | Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, 95060, USA. coll@cats.ucsc.edu |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, 95060, USA. coll@cats.ucsc.edu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Colleen Reichmuth surname: Kastak fullname: Kastak, Colleen Reichmuth email: coll@cats.ucsc.edu organization: LONG MARINE LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ – sequence: 2 givenname: Ronald J. surname: Schusterman fullname: Schusterman, Ronald J. email: coll@cats.ucsc.edu organization: LONG MARINE LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12507014$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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exclusion publication-title: The Psychological Record – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1007/BF03399609 – ident: e_1_2_1_38_1 doi: 10.1037/0097-7403.7.1.70 – volume: 15 start-page: 17 year: 1978 ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 article-title: Acquiring a single new word publication-title: Papers and Reports on Child Language Development – ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 doi: 10.1901/jeab.1978.29-565 – ident: e_1_2_1_27_1 doi: 10.1007/BF03394849 – ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.106.1.78 – ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 doi: 10.1901/jeab.1977.27-433 – ident: e_1_2_1_32_1 doi: 10.1901/jeab.1982.37-329 – ident: e_1_2_1_16_1 doi: 10.1016/0022-0965(88)90043-4 – ident: e_1_2_1_33_1 doi: 10.1901/jeab.1993.59-215 – ident: e_1_2_1_36_1 doi: 10.1007/BF03395281 – ident: e_1_2_1_28_1 doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00047 – ident: e_1_2_1_34_1 doi: 10.2307/1127767 – start-page: 543 volume-title: Sensory systems of aquatic mammals year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 – volume: 48 start-page: 187 year: 1996 ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 article-title: On the 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Exp Anal Behav. 1987 Sep;48(2):187-208 – reference: 4820272 - Child Dev. 1974 Mar;45(1):189-93 – reference: 9632496 - Anim Behav. 1998 May;55(5):1087-95 – reference: 6540652 - Cognition. 1984 Mar;16(2):129-219 – reference: 16812079 - J Exp Anal Behav. 1978 May;29(3):565-601 – reference: 5288866 - Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1971 Dec 3;188:37-46 – reference: 10784006 - J Exp Anal Behav. 2000 Mar;73(2):141-61 – reference: 8433065 - J Exp Anal Behav. 1993 Jan;59(1):215-29 – reference: 15440996 - Psychol Rev. 1950 Jul;57(4):193-216 – reference: 10836563 - Child Dev. 2000 Jan-Feb;71(1):98-106 – reference: 11599636 - J Exp Anal Behav. 2001 Sep;76(2):131-58 – reference: 3385358 - J Exp Child Psychol. 1988 Jun;45(3):472-95 – reference: 5854250 - Psychol Rep. 1965 Dec;17(3):767-75 – reference: 6178786 - J Exp Anal Behav. 1982 May;37(3):329-48 – reference: 874420 - J Exp Anal Behav. 1977 May;27(3):433-42 |
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| Snippet | Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus—stimulus relations without error. When subjects that... Experiments have shown that human and nonhuman subjects are capable of performing new arbitrary stimulus-stimulus relations without error. When subjects that... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal behavior Animals Association Learning Attention Behavior California sea lions class-specific reinforcement Cognition & reasoning Comparative studies Concept Formation differential outcomes Discrimination Learning equivalence exclusion fast mapping Female Marine Motivation Pattern Recognition, Visual Problem Solving Reinforcement Schedule Sea Lions - psychology symmetry Transfer (Psychology) Zalophus californianus |
| Title | SEA LIONS AND EQUIVALENCE: EXPANDING CLASSES BY EXCLUSION |
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