Nonproductive exposure of PBMCs to SARS‐CoV‐2 induces cell‐intrinsic innate immune responses

• Published in: Molecular systems biology Vol. 18; no. 8; pp. e10961 - n/a
• Main Authors: Kazmierski, Julia, Friedmann, Kirstin, Postmus, Dylan, Emanuel, Jackson, Fischer, Cornelius, Jansen, Jenny, Richter, Anja, Bosquillon de Jarcy, Laure, Schüler, Christiane, Sohn, Madlen, Sauer, Sascha, Drosten, Christian, Saliba, Antoine‐Emmanuel, Sander, Leif Erik, Müller, Marcel A, Niemeyer, Daniela, Goffinet, Christine
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.08.2022; EMBO Press; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Springer Nature
• Subjects: ACE2; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Asymptomatic; Cell culture; Collaboration; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; Cytokines; EMBO19; EMBO23; Flow cytometry; Gene expression; Gene sequencing; Genomes; Humans; Immune response; Immunity, Innate; Infections; Inflammation; Innate immunity; Interferon; Interferons; interferon‐stimulated genes; Internalization; Monocytes; Pandemics; PBMCs; Respiratory tract; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; RNA polymerase; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; Viral diseases; Viruses; interferon; interferon‐stimulated genes; SARS‐CoV‐2; PBMCs; SARS-CoV-2; interferon-stimulated genes
• ISSN: 1744-4292; 1744-4292
• DOI: 10.15252/msb.202210961

Cell‐intrinsic responses mounted in PBMCs during mild and severe COVID‐19 differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Whether they are triggered by signals emitted by productively infected cells of the respiratory tract or result from physical interaction with virus particles remains unclear. Here, we analyzed susceptibility and expression profiles of PBMCs from healthy donors upon ex vivo exposure to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2. In line with the absence of detectable ACE2 receptor expression, human PBMCs were refractory to productive infection. RT–PCR experiments and single‐cell RNA sequencing revealed JAK/STAT‐dependent induction of interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs) but not proinflammatory cytokines. This SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific response was most pronounced in monocytes. SARS‐CoV‐2‐RNA‐positive monocytes displayed a lower ISG signature as compared to bystander cells of the identical culture. This suggests a preferential invasion of cells with a low ISG baseline profile or delivery of a SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific sensing antagonist upon efficient particle internalization. Together, nonproductive physical interaction of PBMCs with SARS‐CoV‐2‐ and, to a much lesser extent, SARS‐CoV particles stimulate JAK/STAT‐dependent, monocyte‐accentuated innate immune responses that resemble those detected in vivo in patients with mild COVID‐19. Synopsis Human PBMCs, despite absent susceptibility to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, mount a JAK/STAT‐dependent innate immune response in monocytes upon exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2. ScRNA‐sequencing revealed an inverse relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐positivity and the IFN state. PBMCs are refractory and nonpermissive to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Nevertheless, exposure of PBMCs to SARS‐CoV‐2 induces a JAK/STAT‐dependent cell‐intrinsic innate immune response that is most pronounced in monocytes. Monocytes positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA display a lower IFN state as compared to RNA‐negative bystander cells, suggesting intracellular delivery of virion‐packaged IFN antagonists upon particle internalization. Graphical Abstract Human PBMCs, despite absent susceptibility to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, mount a JAK/STAT‐dependent innate immune response in monocytes upon exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2. ScRNA‐sequencing revealed an inverse relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA‐positivity and the IFN state.