Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is universally found to be more prevalent in women than men. This has led to extensive studies of differences in the immune system or nervous system between women and men, which might be caused by the effects of gonadal hormones, genetic differences, and different environment...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders Vol. 6; no. 4; pp. 237 - 248
Main Authors Harbo, Hanne F., Gold, Ralf, Tintoré, Mar
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London, England SAGE Publications 01.07.2013
SAGE Publishing
Subjects
Reviews
Multiple sclerosis
female
genes
immunology
sex
pregnancy
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Summary:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is universally found to be more prevalent in women than men. This has led to extensive studies of differences in the immune system or nervous system between women and men, which might be caused by the effects of gonadal hormones, genetic differences, and different environmental exposures and modern lifestyle in men and women. We review the effects of sex and gender from a genetic, immunological and clinical point of view. We discuss the effects of sex on the clinical expression of MS and responses to therapy, as well as issues concerning pregnancy.
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ISSN:1756-2856
1756-2864
1756-2864
DOI:10.1177/1756285613488434