Assessment of water pollution in different bleaching based paper manufacturing and textile dyeing industries in India

• Published in: Environmental monitoring and assessment Vol. 134; no. 1-3; pp. 363 - 372
• Main Authors: Ranganathan, K, Jeyapaul, S, Sharma, D. C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrect Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands 01.11.2007; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Activated carbon; AOX; Applied sciences; Bamboo; bamboos; Biochemical oxygen demand; Bleaching; Bleaching processes; Chemical oxygen demand; Chemical recovery; Chlorine; Chlorine - chemistry; Chlorine Compounds - chemistry; chlorine dioxide; Dioxins; dyeing; Effluents; Environmental Monitoring; Evaporation; Exact sciences and technology; fabrics; Halides; Hydrogen peroxide; Hypochlorous Acid - chemistry; India; Industrial effluents; Industrial Waste; Industrial wastewater; Industrial wastewaters; Manufacturing; Metals - analysis; Organic loading; Oxides - chemistry; Oxygen; paper pulp; papermaking; Peroxides - chemistry; Pollution; Pollution load; Production capacity; Pulp & paper industry; Pulp & paper mills; pulp and paper industry; Raw materials; rice straw; Studies; Textile dyeing industry; Textile Industry; Textiles; Toxicity; Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods; waste liquors; Waste paper; Wastewaters; Water; Water consumption; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water pollution; Water Pollution - analysis; Water treatment and pollution; Wood; Asia; India; Organic dye; Chlorine; Paper industry, Textile dyeing industry; AOX; Bleaching processes; Paper industry; Chemical oxygen demand; Industrial waste water; Biological oxygen demand; Physicochemical purification; Oxidation; Water pollution; Waste water purification; Bleaching agent; Textile industry; Organic compounds
• ISSN: 0167-6369; 1573-2959
• DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9628-z

Paper industries using different raw materials such as hard wood, bamboo, baggase, rice-straw and waste papers and bleaching chemicals like chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, sulphite and oxygen were studied to estimate organic pollution load and Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) per ton of production. The hard wood based paper industries generate higher Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) loads (105-182 kg t-¹) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads (32.0-72 kg t-¹) compared to the agro and waste paper based industrial effluents. The bleaching sequences such as C-EP-H-H, C-E-H-H, C-E-Do-D1 and O-Do-EOP-D1 are adopted in the paper industries and the molecular elemental chlorine free bleaching sequence discharges low AOX in the effluent. The range of AOX concentration in the final effluent from the paper industries was 0.08-0.99 kg t-¹ of production. Water consumption was in the range of 100-130 m³ t-¹ of paper production for wood based industries and 30-50 m³ for the waste paper based industries. Paper machine effluents are partially recycled after treatment and pulp mill black liquor are subject to chemical recovery after evaporation to reduce the water consumption and the total pollution loads. Hypochlorite bleaching units of textile bleaching processes generate more AOX (17.2-18.3 mg l-¹) and are consuming more water (45-80 l kg-¹) whereas alkali peroxide bleaching hardly generates the AOX in the effluents and water consumption was also comparatively less (40 l kg-¹ of yarn/cloth).