Using concept mapping to prioritize barriers to diabetes care and self-management for those who experience homelessness

• Published in: International journal for equity in health Vol. 20; no. 1; p. 158
• Main Authors: Grewal, Eshleen K, Campbell, Rachel B, Booth, Gillian L, McBrien, Kerry A, Hwang, Stephen W, O'Campo, Patricia, Campbell, David J T
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 09.07.2021; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Addictions; Adult; Aged; Barriers; Canada; Clients; Clusters; Community; Community-based participatory research; Complications; Concept mapping; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus - therapy; Diet; Diet therapy; Drug use; Emotional distress; Emotions; Female; Food; Food and nutrition; Glucose; Health aspects; Health care expenditures; Homeless people; Homeless persons; Homelessness; Housing; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Ill-Housed Persons - statistics & numerical data; Inner city; Male; Management; Mapping; Medicine; Mental disorders; Mental health; Mental health care; Mental health services; Middle Aged; Mortality; Participatory research; Patient engagement research; Patient priorities; Priorities; Psychological distress; Ratings; Self-Management; Social aspects; Social services; Software; Well being; Canada; Community-based participatory research; Patient priorities; Homeless persons; Patient engagement research; Diabetes mellitus
• ISSN: 1475-9276; 1475-9276
• DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01494-3

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition which demands that patients engage in self-management to achieve optimal glycemic control and avoid severe complications. Individuals who have diabetes and are experiencing homelessness are more likely to have chronic hyperglycemia and adverse outcomes. Our objective was to collaborate with individuals experiencing homelessness and care providers to understand the barriers they face in managing diabetes, as a first step in identifying solutions for enhancing diabetes management in this population. We recruited individuals with lived experience of homelessness and diabetes (i.e. clients; n = 32) from Toronto and health and social care providers working in the areas of diabetes and/or homelessness (i.e. providers; n = 96) from across Canada. We used concept mapping, a participatory research method, to engage participants in brainstorming barriers to diabetes management, which were subsequently categorized into clusters, using the Concept Systems Global MAX software, and rated based on their perceived impact on diabetes management. The ratings were standardized for each participant group, and the average cluster ratings for the clients and providers were compared using t-tests. The brainstorming identified 43 unique barriers to diabetes management. The clients' map featured 9 clusters of barriers: Challenges to getting healthy food, Inadequate income, Navigating services, Not having a place of your own, Relationships with professionals, Diabetes education, Emotional wellbeing, Competing priorities, and Weather-related issues. The providers' map had 7 clusters: Access to healthy food, Dietary choices in the context of homelessness, Limited finances, Lack of stable, private housing, Navigating the health and social sectors, Emotional distress and competing priorities, and Mental health and addictions. The highest-rated clusters were Challenges to getting healthy food (clients) and Mental health and addictions (providers). Challenges to getting healthy food was rated significantly higher by clients (p = 0.01) and Competing priorities was rated significantly higher by providers (p = 0.03). Experiencing homelessness poses numerous barriers to managing diabetes, the greatest of which according to clients, is challenges to getting healthy food. This study showed that the way clients and providers perceive these barriers differs considerably, which highlights the importance of including clients' insights when assessing needs and designing effective solutions.