Induce defense response of DADS in eggplants during the biotrophic phase of Verticillium dahliae

• Published in: BMC plant biology Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 172
• Main Authors: Ali, Muhammad, Ahmad, Husain, Amin, Bakht, Atif, Muhammad Jawaad, Cheng, Zhihui
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 05.04.2022; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid - analogs & derivatives; Abscisic acid; Acetic acid; Allelopathy; Allyl Compounds; Ammonia; Bioassays; Caffeic acid; Coumaric acid; Crop diseases; Defense mechanisms; Diallyl disulfide; Disulfides; Eggplant; Enzymatic activity; Enzyme activity; Enzymes; Ferulic acid; Garlic; Gene expression; Genetic aspects; Health aspects; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immune response; Indoleacetic acid; Infections; Inoculation; Jasmonic acid; Kinases; Lignin; Lipoxygenase; Liquid oxygen; MAP kinase; Metabolism; p-Coumaric acid; Pathogenesis; Pathogens; Peroxidase; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Phenylalanine; Physiology; Plant diseases; Plant hormones; PR-genes; Protein kinase; Roots; Salicylic acid; Seedlings; Seeds; Solanum melongena; V. Dahliae; Variance analysis; Verticillium; Verticillium wilt; China; PR-genes; Diallyl disulfide; V. Dahliae; Phenolic compounds; Plant hormones
• ISSN: 1471-2229; 1471-2229
• DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03527-7

Verticillium wilt is a destructive vascular disease in eggplants. The complex defensive mechanisms of eggplant against this disease are very limited. Our work examined the bioactive properties of garlic allelochemical diallyl disulfide (DADS) as potential biostimulants for defense against V. dahliae in eggplant seedlings. We, therefore, foliar sprayed DADS on eggplants to study the defense response during the early biotrophic phase of V. dahliae (a hemibiotroph). DADS application significantly increased root peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and reduced H O levels after 24 h of fungal inoculation. Salicylic acid (SA) in leaves and roots was significantly increased while, the jasmonic acid (JA), indole acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were decreased. The microscopic examinations of V. dahliae infection in roots displayed that the progression of infection was restricted in DADS-treated plants. Depositions of lignin and phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid content were significantly higher in DADS-treated plants at 48 h post-inoculation. Similarly, the DADS application up-regulated pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, and PR5), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK1), and lipoxygenase (LOX) genes. Furthermore, DADS-treated plants exhibited a lower disease severity index (23.3% vs. 57.0% in controls), indicating successful defense against V. dahliae. Our findings concluded that the biological function of garlic allelochemical DADS has a prominent role in the higher defense resistance of eggplants during the early infection of V. dahliae.