Metabolomics reveals the effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on neurogenesis and axon regeneration after experimental traumatic brain injury

• Published in: Pharmaceutical biology Vol. 61; no. 1; pp. 1054 - 1064
• Main Authors: Hu, En, Li, Teng, Li, Zhilin, Su, Hong, Yan, Qiuju, Wang, Lei, Li, Haigang, Zhang, Wei, Tang, Tao, Wang, Yang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Taylor & Francis 31.12.2023; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Taylor & Francis Group
• Subjects: Animals; Axons; Biological Sciences; brain damage; Brain Injuries, Traumatic - drug therapy; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Carthamus tinctorius; Chalcone - pharmacology; Citrulline; cortex; Doublecortin protein; fluorescent antibody technique; growth-associated protein 43; Hippocampus; Immunofluorescence; Inflammation; ingredients; Male; males; Metabolism; Metabolites; Metabolomics; Nerve Regeneration; Network pharmacology; Neurogenesis; Ornithine; pharmacology; Phenylalanine; Quinones - pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; signal transduction; Stat3 protein; therapeutics; Traditional Chinese medicine; transactivators; Traumatic brain injury; Tryptophan; tyrosine; cortex; hippocampus; traditional Chinese medicine; Network pharmacology; growth-associated protein 43; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; brain-derived neurotrophic factor
• ISSN: 1388-0209; 1744-5116; 1744-5116
• DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2229379

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main bioactive ingredient of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L., [Asteraceae]) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment. To explore the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of HSYA on post-TBI neurogenesis and axon regeneration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into Sham, controlled cortex impact (CCI), and HSYA groups. Firstly, the modified Neurologic Severity Score (mNSS), foot fault test, hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl's staining, and immunofluorescence of Tau1 and doublecortin (DCX) were used to evaluate the effects of HSYA on TBI at the 14th day. Next, the effectors of HSYA on post-TBI neurogenesis and axon regeneration were screened out by pathology-specialized network pharmacology and untargeted metabolomics. Then, the core effectors were validated by immunofluorescence. HSYA alleviated mNSS, foot fault rate, inflammatory cell infiltration, and Nissl's body loss. Moreover, HSYA increased not only hippocampal DCX but also cortical Tau1 and DCX following TBI. Metabolomics demonstrated that HSYA significantly regulated hippocampal and cortical metabolites enriched in 'arginine metabolism' and 'phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism' including l-phenylalanine, ornithine, l-(+)-citrulline and argininosuccinic acid. Network pharmacology suggested that neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were the core nodes in the HSYA-TBI-neurogenesis and axon regeneration network. In addition, BDNF and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) were significantly elevated following HSYA treatment in the cortex and hippocampus. HSYA may promote TBI recovery by facilitating neurogenesis and axon regeneration through regulating cortical and hippocampal metabolism, BDNF and STAT3/GAP43 axis.