Adaptive antitumor immune response stimulated by bio-nanoparticle based vaccine and checkpoint blockade

• Published in: Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Vol. 41; no. 1; pp. 132 - 18
• Main Authors: Bai, Xuewei, Zhou, Yanmei, Yokota, Yuki, Matsumoto, Yoshihiro, Zhai, Bo, Maarouf, Nader, Hayashi, Hikaru, Carlson, Rolf, Zhang, Songhua, Sousa, Aryanna, Sun, Bei, Ghanbari, Hossein, Dong, Xiaoqun, Wands, Jack R
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 08.04.2022; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Analysis; Animals; Antigens; Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH); B7-H1 Antigen; Breast cancer; Cancer therapies; Cancer Vaccines - immunology; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - immunology; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - therapy; Cell cycle; Chemotherapy; Clinical outcomes; Dendritic cells; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Health aspects; Hepatitis; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Humans; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Immune response; Immune system; Immunity; Immunotherapy; Lambda phage vaccine; Liver; Liver cancer; Liver Neoplasms - immunology; Liver Neoplasms - therapy; Medical prognosis; Metastasis; Mice; Nanoparticles; Peptides; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor - metabolism; Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc - metabolism; Signal Transduction; T cells; Triple negative breast cancer; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - immunology; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms - therapy; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumors; Vaccines; Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Tertiary lymphoid structures; Lambda phage vaccine; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Metastasis; Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH); Triple negative breast cancer
• ISSN: 1756-9966; 0392-9078; 1756-9966
• DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02307-3

Interactions between tumor and microenvironment determine individual response to immunotherapy. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have exhibited suboptimal responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Aspartate β-hydroxylase (ASPH), an oncofetal protein and tumor associated antigen (TAA), is a potential target for immunotherapy. Subcutaneous HCC and orthotopic TNBC murine models were established in immunocompetent BALB/c mice with injection of BNL-T3 and 4 T1 cells, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, H&E, flow cytometry, ELISA and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed. The ASPH-MYC signaling cascade upregulates PD-L1 expression on breast and liver tumor cells. A bio-nanoparticle based λ phage vaccine targeting ASPH was administrated to mice harboring syngeneic HCC or TNBC tumors, either alone or in combination with PD-1 blockade. In control, autocrine chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13)-C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) axis promoted tumor development and progression in HCC and TNBC. Interactions between PD-L1 cancer cells and PD-1 T cells resulted in T cell exhaustion and apoptosis, causing immune evasion of cancer cells. In contrast, combination therapy (Vaccine+PD-1 inhibitor) significantly suppressed primary hepatic or mammary tumor growth (with distant pulmonary metastases in TNBC). Adaptive immune responses were attributed to expansion of activated CD4 T helper type 1 (Th1)/CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) that displayed enhanced effector functions, and maturation of plasma cells that secreted high titers of ASPH-specific antibody. Combination therapy significantly reduced tumor infiltration of immunosuppressive CD4 /CD25 /FOXP3 Tregs. When the PD-1/PD-L1 signal was inhibited, CXCL13 produced by ASPH cancer cells recruited CXCR5 /CD8 T lymphocytes to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), comprising effector and memory CTLs, T follicular helper cells, B cell germinal center, and follicular dendritic cells. TLSs facilitate activation and maturation of DCs and actively recruit immune subsets to tumor microenvironment. These CTLs secreted CXCL13 to recruit more CXCR5 immune cells and to lyse CXCR5 cancer cells. Upon combination treatment, formation of TLSs predicts sensitivity to ICI blockade. Combination therapy substantially prolonged overall survival of mice with HCC or TNBC. Synergistic antitumor efficacy attributable to a λ phage vaccine specifically targeting ASPH, an ideal TAA, combined with ICIs, inhibits tumor growth and progression of TNBC and HCC.