Efficient delivery of nuclease proteins for genome editing in human stem cells and primary cells

• Published in: Nature protocols Vol. 10; no. 11; pp. 1842 - 1859
• Main Authors: Liu, Jia, Gaj, Thomas, Yang, Yifeng, Wang, Nan, Shui, Sailan, Kim, Sojung, Kanchiswamy, Chidananda Nagamangala, Kim, Jin-Soo, Barbas, Carlos F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.11.2015; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 42/41; 631/1647/1513/1967; 631/1647/1513/1967/3196; 631/61/201; 631/61/2297; Analysis; Analytical Chemistry; Biological Techniques; Biology; Biotechnology; Cells, Cultured; Cloning; Computational Biology/Bioinformatics; Conjugation; CRISPR; Editing; Embryo cells; Embryonic stem cells; Engineering; Gene expression; Gene Targeting - methods; Genome editing; Genomes; Genomics; Humans; Influence; Life Sciences; Microarrays; Molecular Biology - methods; Nuclease; Nucleic acids; Organic Chemistry; Protein purification; Protein Transport; Proteins; protocol; Recombinases - metabolism; Research centers; Stem Cells; Transcription; Transcription activator-like effector nucleases; Transfection; Zinc finger proteins; New England; La Jolla California; South Korea; California; United States > US
• ISSN: 1754-2189; 1750-2799
• DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.117

In this protocol, the authors describe methods for the direct delivery of ZFN, TALEN and Cas9 nuclease proteins into cells for efficient and targeted genome editing. Targeted nucleases, including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), have provided researchers with the ability to manipulate nearly any genomic sequence in human cells and model organisms. However, realizing the full potential of these genome-modifying technologies requires their safe and efficient delivery into relevant cell types. Unlike methods that rely on expression from nucleic acids, the direct delivery of nuclease proteins to cells provides rapid action and fast turnover, leading to fewer off-target effects while maintaining high rates of targeted modification. These features make nuclease protein delivery particularly well suited for precision genome engineering. Here we describe procedures for implementing protein-based genome editing in human embryonic stem cells and primary cells. Protocols for the expression, purification and delivery of ZFN proteins, which are intrinsically cell-permeable; TALEN proteins, which can be internalized via conjugation with cell-penetrating peptide moieties; and Cas9 ribonucleoprotein, whose nucleofection into cells facilitates rapid induction of multiplexed modifications, are described, along with procedures for evaluating nuclease protein activity. Once they are constructed, nuclease proteins can be expressed and purified within 6 d, and they can be used to induce genomic modifications in human cells within 2 d.