Assessment of border control measures and community containment measures used in Japan during the early stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 7; no. 2; p. e31289
• Main Authors: Sakaguchi, Hiroko, Tsunoda, Masashi, Wada, Koji, Ohta, Hiroshi, Kawashima, Masatoshi, Yoshino, Yae, Aizawa, Yoshiharu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 15.02.2012; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis; Border patrols; Border stations; Boundaries; Case management; Child, Preschool; Communicable Disease Control - organization & administration; Communities; Containment; Decision making; Disease Outbreaks - prevention & control; DNA, Viral - genetics; Emigration and Immigration; Epidemics; Female; Health aspects; Health care; Health screening; Humans; Infections; Influenza; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - isolation & purification; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - pathogenicity; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human - diagnosis; Influenza, Human - epidemiology; Influenza, Human - transmission; Infrared analysis; Japan - epidemiology; Male; Medicine; Middle Aged; National security; Occupational health; Pandemics; Passengers; Polymerase chain reaction; Population Surveillance; Prevention; Preventive medicine; Public Health; Quarantine; Reporting requirements; Screening; Surveillance; Swine flu; Travel; Young Adult; Japan; United States > US; Mexico
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031289

In the early stages of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, border control measures were taken by quarantine stations to block the entry of infected individuals into Japan and community containment measures were implemented to prevent the spreading. The objectives of this study were to describe these measures and the characteristics of infected individuals, and to assess the measures' effectiveness. Border control and community containment measures implemented from April to June (Period I: April 28-May 21, Period II: May 22-June 18) 2009 were described. Number of individuals identified and disease characteristics were analyzed. For entry screening, a health declaration form and an infrared thermoscanner were used to detect symptomatic passengers. Passengers indicated for the rapid influenza test underwent the test followed by RT-PCR. Patients positive for H1N1 were isolated, and close contacts were quarantined. Entry cards were handed out to all asymptomatic passengers informing them about how to contact a health center in case they developed symptoms. Nine individuals were identified by entry screening and 1 during quarantine to have Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Health monitoring by health centers was performed in period I for passengers arriving from affected countries and in period II for those who had come into contact with the individuals identified by entry screening. Health monitoring identified 3 infected individuals among 129,546 in Period I and 5 among 746 in Period II. Enhanced surveillance, which included mandatory reporting of details of the infected individuals, identified 812 individuals, 141 (18%) of whom had a history of international travel. Twenty-four of these 141 passengers picked up by enhanced surveillance had been developing symptoms on entry and were missed at screening. Symptomatic passengers were detected by the various entry screening measures put in place. Enhanced surveillance provided data for the improvement of public health measures in future pandemics.