Water and Nitrogen Coupling Increased the Water-Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Flax
Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of...
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| Published in | Plants (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 51 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
22.12.2022
MDPI |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2223-7747 2223-7747 |
| DOI | 10.3390/plants12010051 |
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| Abstract | Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m3 ha−1 (I1200), and 1800 m3 ha−1 (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha−1) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0–120 kg ha−1). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m3 ha−1 coupled with 60 kg N ha−1 could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. |
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| AbstractList | Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m[sup.3] ha[sup.−1] (I1200), and 1800 m[sup.3] ha[sup.−1] (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha[sup.−1] ) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0–120 kg ha[sup.−1] ). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m[sup.3] ha[sup.−1] coupled with 60 kg N ha[sup.−1] could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017-2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m ha (I1200), and 1800 m ha (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha ) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0-120 kg ha ). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m ha coupled with 60 kg N ha could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m3 ha−1 (I1200), and 1800 m3 ha−1 (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha−1) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0–120 kg ha−1). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m3 ha−1 coupled with 60 kg N ha−1 could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m³ ha⁻¹ (I1200), and 1800 m³ ha⁻¹ (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha⁻¹) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0–120 kg ha⁻¹). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m³ ha⁻¹ coupled with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017–2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m 3 ha −1 (I1200), and 1800 m 3 ha −1 (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha −1 ) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0–120 kg ha −1 ). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m 3 ha −1 coupled with 60 kg N ha −1 could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017-2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m3 ha-1 (I1200), and 1800 m3 ha-1 (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha-1) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0-120 kg ha-1). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m3 ha-1 coupled with 60 kg N ha-1 could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region.Increasing water shortages and environmental pollution from excess chemical nitrogen fertilizer use necessitate the development of irrigation-nitrogen conservation technology in oilseed flax production. Therefore, a two-year split-plot design experiment (2017-2018) was conducted with three types of irrigation (I) levels (no irrigation (I0), irrigation of 1200 m3 ha-1 (I1200), and 1800 m3 ha-1 (I1800)) as the main plot and three nitrogen (N) application rates (0 (N0), 60 (N60) and 120 (N120) kg N ha-1) as the subplot in Northwest China to determine the effects of irrigation and N rates on oilseed flax grain yield, yield components, water-use efficiency (WUE), and N partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results show that I1800 optimized the farmland water storage and water storage efficiency (WSE), which gave rise to greater above-ground biomass. Under I1800, the effective capsule (EC) number increased significantly with increasing irrigation amounts, which increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application rate (0-120 kg ha-1). Both irrigation and nitrogen indirectly affect GY by affecting EC; the highest grain yield was observed at the I1800N60 treatment, which increased by 69.04% and 22.80% in 2017 and 2018 compared with the I0N0 treatment, respectively. As a result, both irrigation and N affect grain yield by affecting soil water status, improving above-ground biomass, and finally affecting yield components. In addition, I1800N60 also obtained a higher WUE and the highest NPFP due to a higher grain yield and a lower N application rate. Hence, our study recommends that irrigation with 1800 m3 ha-1 coupled with 60 kg N ha-1 could be a promising strategy for synergistically improving oilseed flax WUE, grain yield and yield components within this semi-arid region. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Wang, Haidi Zhao, Bangqing Cui, Zhengjun Xu, Peng Effah, Zechariah Wu, Bing Yan, Bin Wang, Yingze Gao, Yuhong Wang, Yifan |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso 999064, Ghana 4 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China 2 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China 1 State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China – name: 3 CSIR-Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso 999064, Ghana – name: 2 College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China – name: 4 College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Zhengjun surname: Cui fullname: Cui, Zhengjun – sequence: 2 givenname: Zechariah surname: Effah fullname: Effah, Zechariah – sequence: 3 givenname: Bin surname: Yan fullname: Yan, Bin – sequence: 4 givenname: Yuhong surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Yuhong – sequence: 5 givenname: Bing surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Bing – sequence: 6 givenname: Yifan surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Yifan – sequence: 7 givenname: Peng orcidid: 0000-0003-1732-328X surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Peng – sequence: 8 givenname: Haidi surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Haidi – sequence: 9 givenname: Bangqing surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Bangqing – sequence: 10 givenname: Yingze surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Yingze |
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| Keywords | coupling irrigation and nitrogen water- and nitrogen- use efficiency oilseed flax grain yield |
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| SubjectTerms | aboveground biomass Agricultural land Agricultural production Arid regions Arid zones Biomass China coupling irrigation and nitrogen Crop yield Efficiency experimental design fertilizer rates Fertilizers Flax grain yield Harvest Irrigation Irrigation effects linseed Moisture content Nitrogen nitrogen fertilizers oilseed flax Oilseeds pollution Precipitation Seasons Semi arid areas Semiarid zones Soil improvement Soil water Testing Variance analysis Water pollution Water shortages Water storage Water use water use efficiency water- and nitrogen- use efficiency |
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| Title | Water and Nitrogen Coupling Increased the Water-Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Oilseed Flax |
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