Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense

• Published in: Plants (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 24; p. 3539
• Main Authors: Swaminathan, Sivakumar, Lionetti, Vincenzo, Zabotina, Olga A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 15.12.2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Acids; Analysis; Barriers; cell wall integrity (CWI); Cell walls; cell-wall-digesting enzymes (CWDEs); cell-wall-modifying enzymes (CWMEs); Crop production; damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); Disease resistance; Enzymes; Gene expression; Genetically modified organisms; growth and development; immunity; Integrity; Lignin; Microorganisms; Molecular modelling; monitoring; Monitoring systems; Morphology; Mutation; Parasitic diseases; Pathogens; Perturbation; Phenotypes; plant cell wall; Plant defenses; Plant immunity; Polyphenols; Polysaccharides; Priming; Proteins; Review; Saccharides; Signal transduction; Signaling; United States; Italy; polysaccharides; cell-wall-modifying enzymes (CWMEs); signaling cascade; cell-wall-digesting enzymes (CWDEs); surveillance; damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); plant cell wall; cell wall integrity (CWI); pattern triggered immunity
• ISSN: 2223-7747; 2223-7747
• DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539

A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant–pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.