Quasi-local photon surfaces in general spherically symmetric spacetimes

Based on the geometry of the codimension-2 surface in general spherically symmetric spacetime, we give a quasi-local definition of a photon sphere as well as a photon surface. This new definition is the generalization of the one provided by Claudel, Virbhadra, and Ellis but without referencing any u...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inThe European physical journal. C, Particles and fields Vol. 81; no. 8; pp. 1 - 16
Main Authors Cao, Li-Ming, Song, Yong
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.08.2021
Springer
Springer Nature B.V
SpringerOpen
Subjects
Analysis
Astronomy
Astrophysics and Cosmology
Boundary conditions
Differential equations
Elementary Particles
Event horizon
Gravitational collapse
Gravitational fields
Gravity
Hadrons
Heavy Ions
Hyperspaces
Measurement Science and Instrumentation
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Physics
Photons
Physics
Physics and Astronomy
Quantum Field Theories
Quantum Field Theory
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Relativity
Spacetime
String Theory
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

More Information
Summary:Based on the geometry of the codimension-2 surface in general spherically symmetric spacetime, we give a quasi-local definition of a photon sphere as well as a photon surface. This new definition is the generalization of the one provided by Claudel, Virbhadra, and Ellis but without referencing any umbilical hypersurface in the spacetime. The new definition effectively excludes the photon surface in spacetime without gravity. The application of the definition to the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) model of gravitational collapse reduces to a second order differential equation problem. We find that the energy balance on the boundary of the dust ball can provide one of the appropriate boundary conditions to this equation. Based on this crucial investigation, we find an analytic photon surface solution in the Oppenheimer–Snyder (OS) model and reasonable numerical solutions for the marginally bounded collapse in the LTB model. Interestingly, in the OS model, we find that the time difference between the occurrence of the photon surface and the event horizon is mainly determined by the total mass of the system but not the size or the strength of the gravitational field of the system.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ISSN:1434-6044
1434-6052
DOI:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09502-0