Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality

• Published in: Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 322; no. 5898; pp. 58 - 62
• Main Authors: Norenzayan, Ara, Shariff, Azim F
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science 03.10.2008; The American Association for the Advancement of Science
• Subjects: Altruism; Beneficence; Boundary conditions; Christianity; Communes; Contemporary period; Cooperative Behavior; Cross cultural studies; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Cultural Evolution; Cultural groups; Culture; Deities; Empirical evidence; Evolutionary biology; Experimental psychology; Games, Experimental; General subjects; Group Processes; group size; Helping Behavior; History and sciences of religions; Humans; Motivation; occupations; prediction; Prosocial behavior; Religion; Religion & psychology; Religiosity; Religious behavior; Review; Secularism; Social Behavior; Social Responsibility; Social sciences; Sociological studies; surveys; Transponders; Trust; We they distinction; Psychology of religion; Behavior; Sociology of religion; Charity; God; Religiosity
• ISSN: 0036-8075; 1095-9203; 1095-9203
• DOI: 10.1126/science.1158757

We examine empirical evidence for religious prosociality, the hypothesis that religions facilitate costly behaviors that benefit other people. Although sociological surveys reveal an association between self-reports of religiosity and prosociality, experiments measuring religiosity and actual prosocial behavior suggest that this association emerges primarily in contexts where reputational concerns are heightened. Experimentally induced religious thoughts reduce rates of cheating and increase altruistic behavior among anonymous strangers. Experiments demonstrate an association between apparent profession of religious devotion and greater trust. Cross-cultural evidence suggests an association between the cultural presence of morally concerned deities and large group size in humans. We synthesize converging evidence from various fields for religious prosociality, address its specific boundary conditions, and point to unresolved questions and novel predictions.