Deflection of light by black holes and massless wormholes in massive gravity

• Published in: The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields Vol. 78; no. 4; pp. 1 - 15
• Main Authors: Jusufi, Kimet, Sarkar, Nayan, Rahaman, Farook, Banerjee, Ayan, Hansraj, Sudan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.04.2018; Springer; Springer Nature B.V; SpringerOpen
• Subjects: Astronomy; Astrophysics and Cosmology; Background radiation; Black holes; Coordinate transformations; Deflection; Elementary Particles; Gravitation; Gravitational lenses; Hadrons; Heavy Ions; Mathematical analysis; Measurement Science and Instrumentation; Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Physics; Parameters; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Quantum Field Theories; Quantum Field Theory; Regular Article - Theoretical Physics; String Theory; Time lag; Wormholes
• ISSN: 1434-6044; 1434-6052
• DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5823-z

Weak gravitational lensing by black holes and wormholes in the context of massive gravity (Bebronne and Tinyakov, JHEP 0904:100, 2009 ) theory is studied. The particular solution examined is characterized by two integration constants, the mass M and an extra parameter S namely ‘scalar charge’. These black hole reduce to the standard Schwarzschild black hole solutions when the scalar charge is zero and the mass is positive. In addition, a parameter λ in the metric characterizes so-called ‘hair’. The geodesic equations are used to examine the behavior of the deflection angle in four relevant cases of the parameter λ . Then, by introducing a simple coordinate transformation r λ = S + v 2 into the black hole metric, we were able to find a massless wormhole solution of Einstein–Rosen (ER) (Einstein and Rosen, Phys Rev 43:73, 1935 ) type with scalar charge S . The programme is then repeated in terms of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem in the weak field limit after a method is established to deal with the angle of deflection using different domains of integration depending on the parameter λ . In particular, we have found new analytical results corresponding to four special cases which generalize the well known deflection angles reported in the literature. Finally, we have established the time delay problem in the spacetime of black holes and wormholes, respectively.