Community drivers of tuberculosis diagnostic delay in Kampala, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study

• Published in: BMC infectious diseases Vol. 21; no. 1; p. 641
• Main Authors: Mercaldo, Rachel, Whalen, Christopher, Kakaire, Robert, Nakkonde, Damalie, Handel, Andreas, Sekandi, Juliet N
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central Ltd 04.07.2021; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Arthralgia; Care-seeking delay; Cohort analysis; Community contact delay; Delay; Delayed Diagnosis; Diagnosis; Diagnostic systems; Disease transmission; Environmental aspects; Female; Health care; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Accessibility - statistics & numerical data; Humans; Infectious diseases; Male; Medical diagnosis; Middle Aged; Pain; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patients; Public Health; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Signs and symptoms; Software; Time-to-Treatment - statistics & numerical data; Transmission; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis - diagnosis; Tuberculosis - prevention & control; Uganda; Urban areas; Urban environments; Variables; Young Adult; Uganda; Kampala Uganda; Community contact delay; Care-seeking delay; Transmission
• ISSN: 1471-2334; 1471-2334
• DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06352-9

Recent approaches to TB control have focused on identifying and treating active cases to halt further transmission. Patients with TB symptoms often delay to seek care, get appropriate diagnosis, and initiate effective treatment. These delays are partly influenced by whom the patients contact within their community network. We aimed to evaluate the community drivers of diagnostic delay in an urban setting in Uganda. In this study we analyze data from a retrospective cohort of 194 TB patients in Kampala, Uganda. We characterized the patterns of contacts made by patients seeking care for TB symptoms. The main outcome of interest was total community contact delay, defined as the time patients spent seeking care before visiting a provider capable of diagnosing TB. Visits to health providers without access to appropriate diagnostic services accounted for 56% of contacts made by cohort members, and were significantly associated with community contact delay, as were symptoms common to other prevalent illnesses, such as bone and joint pain. Education programs aimed at primary care providers, as well as other community members, may benefit case identification, by informing them of rarer symptoms of TB, potential for co-infections of TB and other prevalent diseases, and the availability of diagnostic services.