A promising prognostic grading system incorporating weight loss and inflammation in patients with advanced cancer

• Published in: Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle Vol. 14; no. 6; pp. 2969 - 2980
• Main Authors: Zhang, Xi, Huang, Jia‐Xin, Tang, Meng, Zhang, Qi, Deng, Li, Song, Chun‐Hua, Li, Wei, Shi, Han‐Ping, Cong, Ming‐Hua
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.12.2023; John Wiley and Sons Inc; Wiley
• Subjects: Advanced cancer; Aged; Body mass index; Cancer therapies; Chemotherapy; Clinical outcomes; Constipation; Dyspnea; Female; Grading system; Humans; Inflammation; Insomnia; Male; Malnutrition; Malnutrition - diagnosis; Malnutrition - etiology; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Neoplasms - complications; Neutrophils; Nutrition; Oncology; Original; Patients; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Radiation therapy; Tumors; Weight Loss; Advanced cancer; Inflammation; Prognosis; Grading system; Weight loss
• ISSN: 2190-5991; 2190-6009; 2190-6009
• DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13376

Background Involuntary weight loss and increased systemic response are frequently observed in patients with cancer, especially in advanced stages. This study aimed to develop a powerful weight loss and inflammation grading system (WLAIGS) and investigate its prognostic performance in patients with advanced cancer. Methods This multicentre prospective cohort study included 11 423 patients with advanced cancer. A 4 × 4 matrix representing four different per cent weight loss (WL%) categories within each of the four different neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) categories (16 possible combinations of WL% and NLR) was constructed. The WLAIGS consisted of four grades, with hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) gradually increasing from grade 1 to grade 4. Survival analyses, including Kaplan–Meier curve, Cox proportional hazards regression, and sensitivity analysis, were performed to investigate the association between WLAIGS and OS. The secondary outcomes were short‐term survival, malnutrition, and quality of life. Two internal validation cohorts with a 7:3 ratio were used to validate the results. Results The median age of patients with advanced cancer in our study was 59.00 (interquartile range, 50.00–66.00) years. There were 6877 (60.2%) and 4546 (39.8%) male and female participants, respectively. We totally recorded 5046 death cases during the median follow‐up of 17.33 months. The Kaplan–Meier curve showed that the survival rate decreased from grade 1 to grade 4 in patients with advanced cancer (log‐rank P < 0.001). The WLAIGS was an independent risk factor associated with OS adjusting for confounders, with HRs increasing from 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–1.29; P < 0.001) in grade 2, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.38–1.60; P < 0.001) in grade 3 to 1.73 (95% CI, 1.58–1.89; P < 0.001) in grade 4. In each weight loss% group (2.5 ≤ WL% < 6.0; 6.0 ≤ WL% < 11.0, WL% ≥ 11.0), a NLR above 3 was associated with shorter survival and served as an independent prognostic predictor. The risk of short‐term mortality, malnutrition, and poor quality of life increased with WLAIGS grade. Two internal validation cohorts confirmed that the WLAIGS independently identified the survival of patients with advanced cancer. Conclusions The WLAIGS, which reflects malnutrition and systemic inflammation status, is a robust and convenient tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with advanced cancer.