High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1): The Prototypical Endogenous Danger Molecule

• Published in: Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) Vol. 21 Suppl 1; no. S1; pp. S6 - S12
• Main Authors: Yang, Huan, Wang, Haichao, Chavan, Sangeeta S, Andersson, Ulf
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central 01.01.2015; The Feinstein Institute Press
• Subjects: Antibodies; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - genetics; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - immunology; Arthritis, Rheumatoid - pathology; Atherosclerosis - genetics; Atherosclerosis - immunology; Atherosclerosis - pathology; Bacterial infections; Cell Death - genetics; Cell Death - immunology; Chemokine CXCL12 - genetics; Chemokine CXCL12 - immunology; Cytokines; Gene Expression Regulation; HMGB1 Protein - chemistry; HMGB1 Protein - genetics; HMGB1 Protein - immunology; Humans; Immune system; Infections; Inflammasomes - genetics; Inflammasomes - immunology; Inflammation; Ischemia; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Nucleosomes - genetics; Nucleosomes - immunology; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Proteins; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products - genetics; Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products - immunology; Receptors, CXCR4 - genetics; Receptors, CXCR4 - immunology; Sepsis; Sepsis - genetics; Sepsis - immunology; Sepsis - pathology; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - genetics; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - immunology; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
• ISSN: 1076-1551; 1528-3658; 1528-3658
• DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00087

High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is an evolutionary ancient nuclear protein that exerts divergent biological tasks inside and outside of cells. The functions of HMGB1 depend on location, binding partners and redox states of the molecule. In the nucleus, HMGB1 organizes DNA and nucleosomes and regulates gene transcription. Upon cell activation or injury, nuclear HMGB1 can translocate to the cytoplasm, where it is involved in inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, as well as regulation of the autophagy/apoptosis balance. When actively secreted or passively released into the extracellular milieu, HMGB1 has cytokine, chemokine, neuroimmune and metabolic activities. Thus, HMGB1 plays multiple roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and mediates immune responses that range from inflammation and bacterial killing to tissue repair. HMGB1 has been associated with divergent clinical conditions such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. HMGB1 initiates and perpetuates immune responses during infectious and sterile inflammation, as the archetypical alarmin and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule. We here describe advances in the understanding of HMGB1 biology with focus on recent findings of its mission as a DAMP in danger sensing and as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases.