Decreased striatal dopamine transporters in codeine-containing cough syrup abusers

• Published in: Drug and alcohol dependence Vol. 118; no. 2-3; pp. 148 - 151
• Main Authors: Hou, Haifeng, Yin, Shugui, Jia, Shaowei, Hu, Shu, Sun, Taotao, Chen, Qing, Fan, Rong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Shannon Elsevier Ireland Ltd 01.11.2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Abuse; Addictive behaviors; Adolescent; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Antitussive Agents - administration & dosage; Biological and medical sciences; Brain; Brain injuries; Brain Mapping; Codeine - administration & dosage; Codeine-containing cough syrups; Corpus Striatum - diagnostic imaging; Corpus Striatum - drug effects; Corpus Striatum - metabolism; Cough medicine; Cough syrup; Dependence; Dopamine; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins - metabolism; Dopamine transporter (DAT); Drug addiction; Female; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Neuroimaging; Opioid-Related Disorders - diagnostic imaging; Opioid-Related Disorders - metabolism; Pneumology; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Respiratory system : syndromes and miscellaneous diseases; SPECT; Substance abuse; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Young Adult; Dopamine transporter (DAT); Cough medicine; Abuse; SPECT; Dependence; Codeine-containing cough syrups; Radionuclide study; Human; Drug addiction; Dopamine; Central nervous system; Opiates; Basal ganglion; Corpus striatum; Single photon emission tomography; Catecholamine; Narcotic analgesic; Photon; Syrup; Cough; Encephalon; Medicine; Addiction; Neurotransmitter
• ISSN: 0376-8716; 1879-0046; 1879-0046
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.011

In recent years, codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS) have been reported as substances of abuse, especially in adolescents. Chronic CCS abuse can induce physical and psychological dependence. However, the potential brain impairment caused by chronic CCS abuse has not been reported previously. The present study was designed to determine if the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) levels measured by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scans were altered in CCS-dependent subjects and to explore the CCS-caused brain impairment. SPECT brain scans were acquired on 22 CCS-dependent subjects and 27 healthy age matched controls. The volume (V) and weight (W) of bilateral corpus striatum as well as the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 uptake ratio of corpus striatum/the whole brain (Ra) were calculated using mathematical models. It was displayed that DAT availability of striatum was significantly decreased and the V, W and Ra were greatly reduced in the CCS-dependent group compared to controls (for each comparison p<0.01). Taken together, these results suggest that chronic CCS abuse may cause serious damage to the brain and the neuroimaging findings further illustrate the mechanism of CCS dependence.