Effect of long‐term overfeeding of a high‐energy diet on glucose tolerance in Shetland pony mares

• Published in: Journal of veterinary internal medicine Vol. 34; no. 3; pp. 1339 - 1349
• Main Authors: d' Fonseca, Nicky M. M., Gibson, Charlotte M. E., Doorn, David A., Ruijter‐Villani, Marta, Stout, Tom A. E., Roelfsema, Ellen
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.05.2020; Wiley
• Subjects: Animal Feed - analysis; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Catheters; Diet; Diet - adverse effects; Diet - veterinary; Energy; EQUID; Female; Glucose; Glucose - metabolism; Glucose Tolerance Test - veterinary; horse; Horse Diseases - etiology; Horse Diseases - metabolism; Horses; Hyperinsulinism - veterinary; Insulin - blood; insulin dysregulation; Insulin resistance; Meals; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Obesity - veterinary; Netherlands; horse; glucose metabolism; insulin dysregulation; obesity
• ISSN: 0891-6640; 1939-1676
• DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15788

Background Overfeeding is associated with obesity and insulin dysregulation (ID), which are both risk factors for equine metabolic syndrome. How chronic overfeeding affects development of these factors is poorly understood. Objectives To examine the influence of long‐term high‐energy diet provision on body condition and ID. Animals Eleven Shetland pony mares. Methods In a 3‐phase study, the high‐energy group (n = 7) was fed 200% of net energy (NE) requirements (hay; concentrate: 36% sugar and starch, 13% fat) for 24 weeks, followed by 17 weeks hay‐only feeding before resuming the high‐energy diet (n = 4) for an additional 29 weeks. Mares were weighed weekly. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed 3 to 4 times per dietary period. Results were compared with those of a control group (phase 1, n = 4; phases 2 and 3, n = 6) that received 100% NE requirements, using a general linear mixed model with post hoc Bonferroni testing. Results The mean body weight of the high‐energy group increased by 27% per high‐energy feeding period. During both feeding periods, area under the curve (AUC) for plasma glucose concentration decreased (P < .01), whereas AUC for plasma insulin concentration increased. Mean basal plasma glucose concentration and peak plasma insulin concentrations were higher (P < .05) in the high‐energy group than in the control group. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Feeding a high‐energy diet to healthy nonobese Shetland pony mares led to more efficient glucose metabolism within 5 weeks, followed by significant hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Hyperinsulinemic status was reversed during 17 weeks of hay‐only feeding, regardless of body condition, but returned rapidly after restarting the high‐energy diet.