In Vivo Noncontact Imaging of Conjunctival Goblet Cells with Customized Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy

• Published in: Ophthalmology science (Online) Vol. 5; no. 3; p. 100712
• Main Authors: Liu, Yushuang, Duan, Zhengyu, Luo, Zhongzhou, Zhang, Runze, Li, Jiaxiong, Zhang, Jinze, Meng, Zeyu, Wang, Bowen, Yuan, Jin, Xiao, Peng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 01.05.2025; Elsevier
• Subjects: Cellular imaging; Conjunctival goblet cells; Dry eye disease; Noncontact imaging; Ophthalmology; Original; DED; PAS; BAC; GCA; Cellular imaging; Noncontact imaging; GCD; FOV; ROI; DOF; Conjunctival goblet cells; ETL; Dry eye disease; CGC; WFFM; goblet cell density; benzalkonium chloride; conjunctival goblet cell; widefield fluorescence microscopy; goblet cell area; field of view; periodic acid–Schiff; depth of field; region of interest; electrically tunable lens
• ISSN: 2666-9145; 2666-9145
• DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2025.100712

Conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) play a crucial role in maintaining ocular surface health by producing mucins. However, assessing CGC changes in ocular diseases remains limited by invasive techniques and subjective evaluations. This study aims to develop a noncontact cellular resolution fluorescence microscopy for in vivo CGC imaging and investigate CGC dynamics in a dry eye disease (DED) mouse model. Experimental study. Freshly ex vivo porcine eyes, New Zealand white rabbits, and C57BL/6 mice. Based on the intrinsic fluorescence properties of moxifloxacin, a high-resolution noncontact widefield fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) was customized with an all-in-focus algorithm to optimize in vivo CGC imaging over the curved conjunctival surface. A DED mouse model was established by topically applying 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) to the ocular surface daily for 7 days, followed by a 7-day recovery period without BAC. In vivo CGC alterations were assessed using WFFM on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Additional assessments included the phenol red thread tear test, corneal sodium fluorescein staining, and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) assay. Conjunctival goblet cell density and area ratio. The WFFM system achieved a cellular resolution of 1 μm and a field of view of 1.4 mm × 1.4 mm. Imaging validation in mice and rabbits allowed for the distinguishing and quantitative assessment of individual CGCs or clusters on the curved conjunctival surface in vivo. Significant reductions in CGC density and area ratio on days 3 and 7 after BAC induction were observed in DED mouse in vivo with WFFM, with their values returning to the baseline 7 days after BAC removal, which was consistent with PAS staining results. The customized WFFM enables in vivo cellular imaging of CGCs, offering a safe and accurate method for continuous monitoring of CGC pathophysiology in ocular surface diseases such as DED. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.