Glycemia and Cognitive Function in Metabolic Syndrome and Coronary Heart Disease

• Published in: The American journal of medicine Vol. 128; no. 1; pp. 46 - 55
• Main Authors: Avadhani, Radhika, MS, Fowler, Kristen, RN, Barbato, Corinne, BS, Thomas, Sherine, BA, Wong, Winnie, BA, Paul, Camille, BA, Aksakal, Mehmet, MD, Hauser, Thomas H., MMSC, MPH, MD, Weinger, Katie, EdD, RN, Goldfine, Allison B., MD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.01.2015; Elsevier Sequoia S.A
• Subjects: Aged; Cardiovascular disease; Cognition; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive function; Coronary Disease - blood; Coronary Disease - complications; Coronary Disease - psychology; Diabetes Mellitus - blood; Diabetes Mellitus - psychology; Glycated Hemoglobin A - metabolism; Glycemia; Hemoglobin; Hemoglobin A1c; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Internal Medicine; Male; Metabolic Syndrome - blood; Metabolic Syndrome - complications; Metabolic Syndrome - psychology; Middle Aged; Cardiovascular disease; Cognitive function; Glycemia; Hemoglobin A 1c; Hemoglobin A1c; Hemoglobin A(1c)
• ISSN: 0002-9343; 1555-7162
• DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.08.025

Abstract Objective Higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) is associated with lower cognitive function in type 2 diabetes. To determine whether associations persist at lower levels of dysglycemia in patients who have established cardiovascular disease, cognitive performance was assessed in the Targeting INflammation Using SALsalate in CardioVascular Disease (TINSAL-CVD) trial. Methods The age-adjusted relationships between HbA1c and cognitive performance measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test, and Categorical Verbal Fluency were assessed in 226 men with metabolic syndrome and established stable coronary artery disease. Results Of the participants, 61.5% had normoglycemia, 20.8% had impaired fasting glucose, and 17.7% had type 2 diabetes. HbA1c was associated with cognitive function tests of Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test, and Categorical Verbal Fluency (all P < .02), but not the Mini-Mental State Examination. In an age-adjusted model, a 1% (11 mmol/mol) higher HbA1c value was associated with a 5.9 lower Digit Symbol Substitution Test score (95% confidence interval [CI], −9.58 to −2.21; P < .0001); a 2.44 lower Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test score (95% CI, −4.00 to −0.87; P < .0001); a 15.6 higher Trail Making Test score (95% CI, 5.73 to 25.6; P < .0001); and a 3.71 lower Categorical Verbal Fluency score (95% CI, −6.41 to −1.01; P < .02). In a multivariate model adjusting for age, education, and cardiovascular covariates, HbA1c remained associated with cognitive function tests of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test ( R 2  = 0.27, P < .0001), Trail Making Test ( R 2  = 0.18, P < .0001), and Categorical Verbal Fluency ( R 2  = 0.20, P < .0001), although association with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test was reduced. Conclusions Higher HbA1c is associated with lower cognitive function performance scores across multiple domain tests in men with metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. Future studies may demonstrate whether glucose lowering within the normative range improves cognitive health.