Living arrangements, intergenerational support types and older adult loneliness in Eastern and Western Europe

• Published in: Demographic research Vol. 27; pp. 167 - 200
• Main Authors: de Jong Gierveld, Jenny, Dykstra, Pearl A., Schenk, Niels
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Rostock Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 01.07.2012; Max Planck Institut für Demografische Forschung
• Subjects: Adult Children; Adults; Age; Aged; Associations; Children; Demography; East and West; Eastern Europe; Elderly; Europe; Families & family life; Households; Intergenerational relations; International cooperation; Knowledge; Living alone; Living arrangements; Loneliness; Non permanent residents; Older adults; Older people; Parents; Psychological aspects; Regression analysis; Research Article; Studies; Western Europe; Womens health; Eastern Europe; Western Europe
• ISSN: 1435-9871; 1435-9871; 2363-7064
• DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.7

Previous research has shown that living arrangements (independent households of those living alone or as a couple, versus coresident households encompassing adult children) are important determinants of older adults' loneliness. However, little is known about intergenerational support exchanges in these living arrangements and their associations with loneliness. Our aim is to contribute to the knowledge on associations between living arrangements and loneliness, by taking into account and differentiating intergenerational support types. Using data from the Generations and Gender Surveys of three countries in Eastern Europe and two countries in Western Europe, Latent Class Analyses was applied to develop intergenerational support types for (a) co-residing respondents in Eastern Europe, (b) respondents in independent households in Eastern Europe, and (c) respondents in independent households in Western Europe, respectively. Six types resulted, distinguishing patterns of upward support, downward support and get-togethers. Subsequently, we used linear regression analyses to examine differences in loneliness by region, living arrangements and intergenerational support type. A better explanation of older adult loneliness is obtained if the direction of supportive exchanges with adult children is considered than if only living arrangements are considered.