Characterization of Aerosol Generation During Various Intensities of Exercise

• Published in: Chest Vol. 160; no. 4; pp. 1377 - 1387
• Main Authors: Sajgalik, Pavol, Garzona-Navas, Andres, Csécs, Ibolya, Askew, J. Wells, Lopez-Jimenez, Francisco, Niven, Alexander S., Johnson, Bruce D., Allison, Thomas G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.10.2021; American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc
• Subjects: Adult; aerosol; Aerosols - analysis; COVID-19 - diagnosis; COVID-19 - metabolism; Education and Clinical Practice: Original Research; exercise; Exercise - physiology; Exercise Test - methods; exercise testing; Exhalation - physiology; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lung - metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Function Tests - methods; SARS-CoV-2; Young Adult; exercise testing; Vo2; exercise; HRR; AGP; aerosol; HEPA
• ISSN: 0012-3692; 1931-3543; 1931-3543
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.041

Characterization of aerosol generation during exercise can inform the development of safety recommendations in the face of COVID-19. Does exercise at various intensities produce aerosols in significant quantities? In this experimental study, subjects were eight healthy volunteers (six men, two women) who were 20 to 63 years old. The 20-minute test protocol of 5 minutes rest, four 3-minute stages of exercise at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of age-predicted heart rate reserve, and 3 minutes active recovery was performed in a clean, controlled environment. Aerosols were measured by four particle counters that were place to surround the subject. Age averaged 41 ± 14 years. Peak heart rate was 173 ± 17 beat/min (97% predicted); peak maximal oxygen uptake was 33.9 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min; and peak respiratory exchange ratio was 1.22 ± 0.10. Maximal ventilation averaged 120 ± 23 L/min, while cumulative ventilation reached 990 ± 192 L. Concentrations increased exponentially from start to 20 minutes (geometric mean ± geometric SD particles/liter): Fluke >0.3 μm = 66 ± 1.8 → 1605 ± 3.8; 0.3-1.0 μm = 35 ± 2.2 → 1095 ± 4.6; Fluke 1.0-5.0 μm = 21 ± 2.0 → 358 ± 2.3; P-Trak anterior = 637 ± 2.3 → 5148 ± 3.0; P-Trak side = 708 ± 2.7 → 6844 ± 2.7; P-Track back = 519 ± 3.1 → 5853 ± 2.8. All increases were significant at a probability value of <.05. Exercise at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve showed statistically significant increases in aerosol concentration. Our data suggest exercise testing is an aerosol-generating procedure and, by extension, other activities that involve exercise intensities at or above 50% of predicted heart rate reserve. Results can guide recommendations for safety of exercise testing and other indoor exercise activities.