Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Literature Review

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and its subtype, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remain two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, risk factors, preventive methods (bundle of care principles) and...

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Published inMicroorganisms (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 213
Main Authors Miron, Mihnea, Blaj, Mihaela, Ristescu, Anca Irina, Iosep, Gabriel, Avădanei, Andrei-Nicolae, Iosep, Diana-Gabriela, Crișan-Dabija, Radu, Ciocan, Alexandra, Perțea, Mihaela, Manciuc, Carmen Doina, Luca, Ștefana, Grigorescu, Cristina, Luca, Mihaela Cătălina
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2024
MDPI
Subjects
Adrenomedullin
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Bacterial pneumonia
Biomarkers
bundle of care
C-reactive protein
Care and treatment
Complications and side effects
Cross infection
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
hospital-acquired pneumonia
Hospitals
Inflammation
Intensive care
Literature reviews
mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin
mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide
Morbidity
Mortality
Nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infections
Pneumonia
Procalcitonin
Regional planning
Review
Risk factors
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Ventilators
Viruses
Romania
procalcitonin
ventilator-associated pneumonia
mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin
mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide
bundle of care
hospital-acquired pneumonia
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Summary:Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and its subtype, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remain two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, risk factors, preventive methods (bundle of care principles) and supportive care. Prior detection of the risk factors combined with a clear clinical judgement based on clinical scores and dosage of different inflammatory biomarkers (procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myelloid cells type 1, C-reactive protein, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide) represent the cornerstones of a well-established management plan by improving patient's outcome. This review article provides an overview of the newly approved terminology considering nosocomial pneumonia, as well as the risk factors, biomarkers, diagnostic methods and new treatment options that can guide the management of this spectrum of infections.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
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ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms12010213