Do Status Differences among Workers Make a Difference during Economic Crises? The Case of Depression Hamilton

Utilisant les données du recensement de 1931 ainsi que d'entrevues avec des retraités d'Hamilton, en Ontario, qui recevaient un salaire durant la Grande Dépression, l'auteur examine les affirmations selon lesquelles les crises économiques sapent ou renforcent, ou n'affectent pas...

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Published inThe Canadian review of sociology Vol. 35; no. 2; pp. 125 - 163
Main Author Archibald, W. Peter
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.1998
Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association
Canadian Sociological Association
University of Toronto Press, etc
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Summary:Utilisant les données du recensement de 1931 ainsi que d'entrevues avec des retraités d'Hamilton, en Ontario, qui recevaient un salaire durant la Grande Dépression, l'auteur examine les affirmations selon lesquelles les crises économiques sapent ou renforcent, ou n'affectent pas nécessairement la hiérarchie traditionnelle. Cela parce que, respectivement, elles substituent des ouvriers moins qualifiés, à meilleur marché aux autres ouvriers, elles privilégient les travailleurs hautement qualifiés ou elles affectent différemment les industries et occupations parmi lesquelles les ouvriers de différentes conditions sociales sont ségrégués. Le plus notable est qu'aucun résultat n'était marqué ni consistant en ce qui concerne les situations professionnelles, lâge, le sexe et l'ethnie sur tout type de privation. Cependant, certains types de privation montraient certaines différences de rangs. Donc, lorsque la profession était contrôlée dans les données du recensement, le modéle le plus commun était que les femmes travaillaient plus que les hommes, seulement lorsqu'en fait elles gagnaient moins. Cela suggère la «substitution» du travail à bon marché des femmes à celui des hommes et, en conséquence, l'ébranlement des privilèges de ces derniers. Par contre, selon les données tirées des entrevues, plus on était jeune et plus on attendait pour obtenir un travail rémunéréà temps plein, plus il était difficile d'en trouver, et plus le salaire était bas. Cela suggère que des privilèges associés avec lâge étaient renforcés durant la Dépression. Néanmoins, il y avait aussi ségrégation industrielle et occupationnelle, selon lâge, l'ethnie et le sexe, ce qui peut expliquer en partie pourquoi la plupart des différences de rangs sociaux n'étaient ni sapées ni renforcées. L'auteur a aussi trouvé peu de différences de rangs sociaux dans les réactions des ouvriers à la crise et, par conséquent, peu d'évidences quant au processus d'homogénéisation/radicalisation de la gauche associé avec l'hypothèse de la première affirmation ou à la diffé‐renciation/conservatisme des ouvriers hautement qualifiés et à la radicalisation des ouvriers moins qualifiés associés avec l'affir‐mation de l'hypothèse de renforcissement. Using data from the 1931 Census and interviews with Hamilton, Ontario retirees who worked for pay during the Great Depression, the author examines claims that economic crises undermine, strengthen, or need not affect traditional status hierarchies; because, respectively, they substitute “cheaper” low‐status workers for others; privilege high‐status workers; or differentially affect industries and occupations where workers of different status are segregated. The most remarkable result was that there were no such strong and consistent results for any of occupational status, age, gender and ethnicity on all types of deprivation. However, there was evidence for some status differences on some types of deprivation. Thus, when occupation was controlled in the census data, the most common pattern was for women to work more than men only when they in fact earned less. This suggests the “substitution” of the cheaper labour of women for that of men, and therefore the undermining of the privileges of men. On the other hand, in the interview data, the younger one was and the later one attempted to obtain full‐time, paid work, the more difficulty one had finding it, and the lower one's wages were. This suggests that some age privileges were strengthened during the Depression. Nevertheless, there was also much industrial and occupational segregation, by age and ethnicity as well as gender, and this may partly explain why most status differences were neither undermined nor strengthened. The author also found few status differences in workers' responses to the crisis, and therefore little evidence for either the homogenization/left‐radicalization process associated with the undermining hypothesis or the differentiation/conservatizing of high‐status workers and radicalization of low‐status workers associated with the strengthening claim.
Bibliography:ark:/67375/WNG-RQWL4DGT-J
This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Project No. 410-89-0865). In addition to the Council, the author would like to thank Richard Harris, Rhonda Lenton, Jane Synge, John Weaver and three anonymous reviewers for this journal for comments on earlier drafts; Craig Heron and Robert Storey for help in finding historical research; and especially John Fox for his aid with the statistical analyses. The author is also grateful to Marie McKeary and Catherine Watson, who helped with the interviewing; a great many transcribers; and the more than 200 retired Hamilton workers who were interviewed. Finally, I dedicate this paper to Alf Hunter, who supported me and it from the very beginning. The manuscript of this article was submitted in April of 1996 and accepted in April 1997.
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ArticleID:CARS125
This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Project No. 410–89–0865). In addition to the Council, the author would like to thank Richard Harris, Rhonda Lenton, Jane Synge, John Weaver and three anonymous reviewers for this journal for comments on earlier drafts; Craig Heron and Robert Storey for help in finding historical research; and especially John Fox for his aid with the statistical analyses. The author is also grateful to Marie McKeary and Catherine Watson, who helped with the interviewing; a great many transcribers; and the more than 200 retired Hamilton workers who were interviewed. Finally, I dedicate this paper to Alf Hunter, who supported me and it from the very beginning. The manuscript of this article was submitted in April of 1996 and accepted in April 1997.
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ISSN:1755-6171
0008-4948
1755-618X
2163-8888
DOI:10.1111/j.1755-618X.1998.tb00226.x