Close proximity risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2 infection

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 794; p. 148749
• Main Authors: Cortellessa, G., Stabile, L., Arpino, F., Faleiros, D.E., van den Bos, W., Morawska, L., Buonanno, G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 10.11.2021
• Subjects: Aerosols; CFD analysis; Close proximity; COVID-19 - transmission; Droplets; environment; Exhalation; Humans; mathematical models; particle image velocimetry; PIV; risk; Risk Assessment; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Virus transmission; Close proximity; SARS-CoV-2; Droplets; Virus transmission; CFD analysis; PIV
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148749

Although the interpersonal distance represents an important parameter affecting the risk of infection due to respiratory viruses, the mechanism of exposure to exhaled droplets remains insufficiently characterized. In this study, an integrated risk assessment is presented for SARS-CoV-2 close proximity exposure between a speaking infectious subject and a susceptible subject. It is based on a three-dimensional transient numerical model for the description of exhaled droplet spread once emitted by a speaking person, coupled with a recently proposed SARS-CoV-2 emission approach. Particle image velocimetry measurements were conducted to validate the numerical model. The contribution of the large droplets to the risk is barely noticeable only for distances well below 0.6 m, whereas it drops to zero for greater distances where it depends only on airborne droplets. In particular, for short exposures (10 s) a minimum safety distance of 0.75 m should be maintained to lower the risk below 0.1%; for exposures of 1 and 15 min this distance increases to about 1.1 and 1.5 m, respectively. Based on the interpersonal distances across countries reported as a function of interacting individuals, cultural differences, and environmental and sociopsychological factors, the approach presented here revealed that, in addition to intimate and personal distances, particular attention must be paid to exposures longer than 1 min within social distances (of about 1 m). [Display omitted] •Numerical simulation of the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus•Estimate of the SARS-CoV-2 risk of infection due to the close proximity•Infection risk in close-contact is dominated by airborne droplets.•Large droplet contribution to infection risk barely noticeable only for distances well below 0.6 m•A minimum safety distance of 1.5 m can guarantee an acceptable risk (<0.1%).