Smart Design of Nanostructures for Boosting Tumor Immunogenicity in Cancer Immunotherapy

Although tumor immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic method for oncology, it encounters several limitations, especially concerning low response rates and potential off-targets that elicit side effects. Furthermore, tumor immunogenicity is the critical factor that predicts the success...

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Published inPharmaceutics Vol. 15; no. 5; p. 1427
Main Authors Yin, Bohan, Wong, Wai-Ki, Ng, Yip-Ming, Yang, Mo, Leung, Franco King-Chi, Wong, Dexter Siu-Hong
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 07.05.2023
MDPI
Subjects
Antigens
Apoptosis
B cells
Cancer
cancer immunotherapy
Cancer therapies
Cancer vaccines
Care and treatment
Cell death
Cells
controlled release
Cytotoxicity
Dendritic cells
Design
Drug therapy
Efficiency
FDA approval
Genetic engineering
Health aspects
Immune response
Immune system
Immunotherapy
Ligands
Lymphocytes
Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology
Phototherapy
Polymers
Remote control
Response rates
Review
smart responsive materials
synergistic therapy
T cells
Tumors
controlled release
synergistic therapy
smart responsive materials
cancer immunotherapy
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Summary:Although tumor immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic method for oncology, it encounters several limitations, especially concerning low response rates and potential off-targets that elicit side effects. Furthermore, tumor immunogenicity is the critical factor that predicts the success rate of immunotherapy, which can be boosted by the application of nanotechnology. Herein, we introduce the current approach of cancer immunotherapy and its challenges and the general methods to enhance tumor immunogenicity. Importantly, this review highlights the integration of anticancer chemo/immuno-based drugs with multifunctional nanomedicines that possess imaging modality to determine tumor location and can respond to stimuli, such as light, pH, magnetic field, or metabolic changes, to trigger chemotherapy, phototherapy, radiotherapy, or catalytic therapy to upregulate tumor immunogenicity. This promotion rouses immunological memory, such as enhanced immunogenic cell death, promoted maturation of dendritic cells, and activation of tumor-specific T cells against cancer. Finally, we express the related challenges and personal perspectives of bioengineered nanomaterials for future cancer immunotherapy.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:1999-4923
1999-4923
DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics15051427