Monitoring emerging pathogens using negative nucleic acid test results from endemic pathogens in pig populations: Application to porcine enteric coronaviruses

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 19; no. 7; p. e0306532
• Main Authors: Serafini Poeta Silva, Ana Paula, Arruda Cezar, Guilherme, Sousa Magalhães, Edison, Rupasinghe, Kinath, Chandra, Srijita, Silva, Gustavo S, Almeida, Marcelo, Crim, Bret, Burrough, Eric, Gauger, Phillip, Siepker, Christopher, Mainenti, Marta, Zeller, Michael, Main, Rodger G, Thurn, Mary, Fioravante, Paulo, Corzo, Cesar, Rovira, Albert, Naikare, Hemant, McGaughey, Rob, Matias Ferreyra, Franco, Retallick, Jamie, Gebhardt, Jordan, Pillatzki, Angela, Greseth, Jon, Kersey, Darren, Clement, Travis, Christopher-Hennings, Jane, Prarat, Melanie, Johnson, Ashley, Summers, Dennis, Bowen, Craig, Hendrix, Kenitra, Boyle, Joseph, Lima Linhares, Daniel Correia, Trevisan, Giovani
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 05.07.2024; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Animal diseases; Animal health; Animal populations; Animals; Anomalies; Biology and Life Sciences; Coronaviridae; Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis; Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology; Coronavirus Infections - veterinary; Coronavirus Infections - virology; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Deltacoronavirus - genetics; Deltacoronavirus - isolation & purification; Diagnostic tests; Diarrhea; Epidemics; False alarms; Forecasts and trends; Gastroenteritis; Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine - diagnosis; Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine - epidemiology; Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine - virology; Health risks; Health surveillance; Hogs; Laboratories; Medicine and Health Sciences; Monitoring; Monitoring systems; Mortality; Nucleic acids; Pathogenic microorganisms; Pathogens; Physical Sciences; Polymerase chain reaction; Polymerase Chain Reaction - methods; Population studies; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - genetics; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus - isolation & purification; Research and Analysis Methods; Retrospective Studies; Seasonal variations; Swine; Swine Diseases - diagnosis; Swine Diseases - virology; Transmissible gastroenteritis; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus - genetics; Transmissible gastroenteritis virus - isolation & purification; Trends; United States - epidemiology; Veterinary medicine; Viruses; United States; United States > US
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306532

This study evaluated the use of endemic enteric coronaviruses polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-negative testing results as an alternative approach to detect the emergence of animal health threats with similar clinical diseases presentation. This retrospective study, conducted in the United States, used PCR-negative testing results from porcine samples tested at six veterinary diagnostic laboratories. As a proof of concept, the database was first searched for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) negative submissions between January 1st, 2010, through April 29th, 2013, when the first porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) case was diagnosed. Secondly, TGEV- and PEDV-negative submissions were used to detect the porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) emergence in 2014. Lastly, encountered best detection algorithms were implemented to prospectively monitor the 2023 enteric coronavirus-negative submissions. Time series (weekly TGEV-negative counts) and Seasonal Autoregressive-Integrated Moving-Average (SARIMA) were used to control for outliers, trends, and seasonality. The SARIMA's fitted and residuals were then subjected to anomaly detection algorithms (EARS, EWMA, CUSUM, Farrington) to identify alarms, defined as weeks of higher TGEV-negativity than what was predicted by models preceding the PEDV emergence. The best-performing detection algorithms had the lowest false alarms (number of alarms detected during the baseline) and highest time to detect (number of weeks between the first alarm and PEDV emergence). The best-performing detection algorithms were CUSUM, EWMA, and Farrington flexible using SARIMA fitted values, having a lower false alarm rate and identified alarms 4 to 17 weeks before PEDV and PDCoV emergences. No alarms were identified in the 2023 enteric negative testing results. The negative-based monitoring system functioned in the case of PEDV propagating epidemic and in the presence of a concurrent propagating epidemic with the PDCoV emergence. It demonstrated its applicability as an additional tool for diagnostic data monitoring of emergent pathogens having similar clinical disease as the monitored endemic pathogens.