Impaired bone health and asymptomatic vertebral compressions in fracture-prone children: A case-control study

• Published in: Journal of bone and mineral research Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 1413 - 1424
• Main Authors: Mäyränpää, Mervi K, Viljakainen, Heli T, Toiviainen-Salo, Sanna, Kallio, Pentti E, Mäkitie, Outi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.06.2012; Wiley; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Age; Biological and medical sciences; Bone and Bones - diagnostic imaging; Bone and Bones - pathology; Bone and Bones - physiopathology; Bone Density; Bone mineral density; Calcium; Calcium - urine; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; CHILDREN; Cohort Studies; Compression; Demography; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA; Female; Finland - epidemiology; FRACTURES; Fractures, Compression - blood; Fractures, Compression - complications; Fractures, Compression - epidemiology; Fractures, Compression - urine; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Health; Hip; Hospitals; Humans; Hypercalciuria; Male; Medicin och hälsovetenskap; Osteoporosis - blood; Osteoporosis - complications; Osteoporosis - epidemiology; Osteoporosis - urine; Pediatrics; Phosphates - urine; Physical activity; Prevalence; Radiography; Risk Factors; Siblings; Skeleton and joints; Spinal Fractures - blood; Spinal Fractures - complications; Spinal Fractures - epidemiology; Spinal Fractures - urine; Spine (lumbar); Vertebrae; VERTEBRAL FRACTURES; Vertebrates: osteoarticular system, musculoskeletal system; VITAMIN D; Vitamin D - blood; Human; Health; Diseases of the osteoarticular system; Fracture; Case control study; DXA; Trauma; CHILDREN; Osteoarticular system; Vertebrata; Mammalia; Vitamin D; VERTEBRAL FRACTURES; FRACTURES; Bone; Child
• ISSN: 0884-0431; 1523-4681; 1523-4681
• DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1579

Frequent fractures in children may be a sign of impaired bone health, but it remains unestablished when and how fracture‐prone children should be assessed. This prospective study elucidated skeletal characteristics and predisposing factors in children with recurrent fractures. Findings were used to establish guidelines for screening. During a 12‐month period we recorded fracture history for all children (n = 1412) treated for an acute fracture at a large university hospital. All apparently healthy children over 4 years of age, who had sustained: (1) at least one vertebral fracture; (2) two long‐bone fractures before age 10 years; or (3) three long‐bone fractures before age 16 years, were recruited. They underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), laboratory tests, and spinal radiography. Information regarding family history and lifestyle factors were collected. Findings were compared with healthy controls. Sixty‐six fracture‐prone children (44 males, mean age 10.7 years; 5% of all children with fractures) were identified. Altogether, they had sustained 183 long‐bone fractures (median 3, range 0–7); 11 children had sustained vertebral fracture(s). Patients had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) at lumbar spine (p < 0.001), hip (p = 0.007), and whole body (p < 0.001) than the controls; only 5 children (8%) had a BMD Z‐score < −2.0. Asymptomatic vertebral compressions were prevalent, especially in those under 10 years of age. Hypercalciuria (11%) and hyperphosphaturia (22%) were significantly more prevalent than in controls. Serum concentration of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (S‐25OHD) was below 50 nmol/L in 55%; low levels were associated with low BMD and vertebral compressions. The fracture‐prone children had lower calcium intake, less physical activity, and more often had siblings with fractures than the controls. The findings suggest that a thorough pediatric evaluation, including DXA and spinal radiography, is often indicated already after a second significant low‐energy fracture in children, in order to detect potentially preventable adverse lifestyle factors and nutritional deficits and to identify those with compromised overall bone health. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.