Innovative Strategies in Tendon Tissue Engineering

The tendon is a highly aligned connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone. Each year, more than 32 million tendon injuries have been reported, in fact, tendinopathies represent at least 50% of all sports injuries, and their incidence rates have increased in recent decades due to the...

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Published inPharmaceutics Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 89
Main Authors Bianchi, Eleonora, Ruggeri, Marco, Rossi, Silvia, Vigani, Barbara, Miele, Dalila, Bonferoni, Maria Cristina, Sandri, Giuseppina, Ferrari, Franca
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 11.01.2021
MDPI
Subjects
3D printing
biological augmentation
Biomechanics
Bone surgery
Bones
Cartilage
Collagen
Connective tissue
electrospinning
Gene expression
Homeostasis
Injuries
Metabolism
Review
scaffolds
soft lithography
Tendinitis
tendon
Tendons
Tissue engineering
Viscoelasticity
tendon
scaffolds
electrospinning
soft lithography
3D printing
biological augmentation
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Summary:The tendon is a highly aligned connective tissue that transmits force from muscle to bone. Each year, more than 32 million tendon injuries have been reported, in fact, tendinopathies represent at least 50% of all sports injuries, and their incidence rates have increased in recent decades due to the aging population. Current clinical grafts used in tendon treatment are subject to several restrictions and there is a significant demand for alternative engineered tissue. For this reason, innovative strategies need to be explored. Tendon replacement and regeneration are complex since scaffolds need to guarantee an adequate hierarchical structured morphology and mechanical properties to stand the load. Moreover, to guide cell proliferation and growth, scaffolds should provide a fibrous network that mimics the collagen arrangement of the extracellular matrix in the tendons. This review focuses on tendon repair and regeneration. Particular attention has been devoted to the innovative approaches in tissue engineering. Advanced manufacturing techniques, such as electrospinning, soft lithography, and three-dimensional (3D) printing, have been described. Furthermore, biological augmentation has been considered, as an emerging strategy with great therapeutic potential.
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ISSN:1999-4923
1999-4923
DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics13010089