Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 438; pp. 477 - 489
• Main Authors: Kummu, M., de Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., Ward, P.J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier B.V 01.11.2012; Elsevier
• Subjects: Agriculture - statistics & numerical data; Biological and medical sciences; Conservation of Natural Resources; Fertilizers - utilization; Food losses; Food security; Food supply; Food Supply - methods; Food Supply - statistics & numerical data; Food waste; Global scale; Human physiology applied to population studies and life conditions. Human ecophysiology; Internationality; Medical sciences; Nutritional survey. Food supply and nutritional requirement; Pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals toxicology; Resource use; Toxicology; Waste Products - adverse effects; Waste Products - analysis; Water Supply - statistics & numerical data; INW, Asia; North America; ASE, Africa; Food waste; Food losses; Food supply; Global scale; Food security; Resource use; Organic waste; Cultivated field; Fertilization; Cultivated soil; Agricultural soil; Fertilizers; Freshwater environment; Trophic chain; Planetary scale; Agriculture; Public health; Food
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092

Reducing food losses and waste is considered to be one of the most promising measures to improve food security in the coming decades. Food losses also affect our use of resources, such as freshwater, cropland, and fertilisers. In this paper we estimate the global food supply losses due to lost and wasted food crops, and the resources used to produce them. We also quantify the potential food supply and resource savings that could be made by reducing food losses and waste. We used publically available global databases to conduct the study at the country level. We found that around one quarter of the produced food supply (614kcal/cap/day) is lost within the food supply chain (FSC). The production of these lost and wasted food crops accounts for 24% of total freshwater resources used in food crop production (27m3/cap/yr), 23% of total global cropland area (31×10−3ha/cap/yr), and 23% of total global fertiliser use (4.3kg/cap/yr). The per capita use of resources for food losses is largest in North Africa & West-Central Asia (freshwater and cropland) and North America & Oceania (fertilisers). The smallest per capita use of resources for food losses is found in Sub-Saharan Africa (freshwater and fertilisers) and in Industrialised Asia (cropland). Relative to total food production, the smallest food supply and resource losses occur in South & Southeast Asia. If the lowest loss and waste percentages achieved in any region in each step of the FSC could be reached globally, food supply losses could be halved. By doing this, there would be enough food for approximately one billion extra people. Reducing the food losses and waste would thus be an important step towards increased food security, and would also increase the efficiency of resource use in food production. [Display omitted] ► Losses of food supply and related resources were studied at a global scale. ► Around 1/4 of the produced food (in terms of kcal) is lost in the food supply chain. ► 23–24% of total use of water, cropland and fertilisers are used to produce losses. ► Around half of the losses could be prevented with a more efficient supply chain. ► One billion extra people could be fed if food crop losses could be halved.