Advanced Glycation End-Products Acting as Immunomodulators for Chronic Inflammation, Inflammaging and Carcinogenesis in Patients with Diabetes and Immune-Related Diseases

• Published in: Biomedicines Vol. 12; no. 8; p. 1699
• Main Authors: Shen, Chieh-Yu, Lu, Cheng-Hsun, Cheng, Chiao-Feng, Li, Ko-Jen, Kuo, Yu-Min, Wu, Cheng-Han, Liu, Chin-Hsiu, Hsieh, Song-Chou, Tsai, Chang-Youh, Yu, Chia-Li
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.08.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Advanced glycation end products; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); Advanced glycosylation end products; Age; AGE binding receptor; Aging; AKT protein; Alzheimer's disease; Amino acids; Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Breastfeeding & lactation; Carcinogenesis; Cardiovascular diseases; Care and treatment; Cell surface; Cell surface receptors; Chronic illnesses; Cytokines; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diagnosis; Disease; Epigenetics; Evaluation; Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Galactose; Genotoxicity; Health aspects; Hyperglycemia; Immunogenicity; Immunomodulation; Immunosenescence; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Kidneys; lifestyle-related disease; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Maillard reaction; MAP kinase; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolism; Metabolites; Metastasis; MyD88 protein; Neurodegenerative diseases; NF-κB protein; non-enzymatic Maillard reaction; Oxidative stress; Pathogenesis; Proteins; Review; Scavenger receptors; Serum levels; Smoking; toxic AGE; Toxicity; Taiwan; inflamm-aging; advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); carcinogenesis; Diabetes mellitus; lifestyle-related disease; toxic AGE; AGE binding receptor; immune-related disease; non-enzymatic Maillard reaction
• ISSN: 2227-9059; 2227-9059
• DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081699

Increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) among reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, or ribose) and amino acids/proteins via non-enzymatic Maillard reaction can be found in lifestyle-related disease (LSRD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and obesity and immune-related diseases. Increased serum levels of AGEs may induce aging, diabetic complications, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases (NDD), cancer, and inflamm-aging (inflammation with immunosenescence). The Maillard reaction can also occur among reducing sugars and lipoproteins or DNAs to alter their structure and induce immunogenicity/genotoxicity for carcinogenesis. AGEs, as danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), operate via binding to receptor for AGE (RAGE) or other scavenger receptors on cell surface to activate PI3K-Akt-, P38-MAPK-, ERK1/2-JNK-, and MyD88-induced NF-κB signaling pathways to mediate various pathological effects. Recently, the concept of “inflamm-aging” became more defined, and we have unveiled some interesting findings in relation to it. The purpose of the present review is to dissect the potential molecular basis of inflamm-aging in patients with diabetes and immune-mediated diseases caused by different AGEs.